Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Virus-Host Interaction About Pathogenesis of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease

Abstract

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) represent the largest and main transcriptome products and play various roles in the biological activity of cells and pathological processes. Accumulating evidence shows that microRNA (miRNA), long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), and circular RNA (circRNA) are important ncRNAs that play vital regulatory roles during viral infection. Hand-foot-mouth disease (HFMD) virus causes hand-foot-mouth disease, and is also associated with various serious complications and high mortality. However, there is currently no effective treatment. In this review, we focus on advances in the understanding of the modulatory role of ncRNAs during HFMD virus infection. Specifically, we discuss the generation, classification, and regulatory mechanisms of miRNA, lncRNA, and circRNA in the interaction between virus and host, with a particular focus on their influence with viral replication and infection. Analysis of these underlying mechanisms can help provide a foundation for the development of ncRNA-based antiviral therapies.

Fig. 1

The miRNAs involved in the regulation of EV71 replication. Dysregulated miRNAs target the viral entry, viral genome (UTR or structural protein VP1), and viral replication to influence EV71 life cycle (miRNAs, marked with red clippers, stands for inhibiting viral replication; miRNAs, marked with green clippers, stands for promoting viral replication) (Color figure online)

Fig. 2

The miRNAs involved in innate immune response and signaling pathways (IFN-I and NF-κB) during EV71 infection. Dysregulated miRNAs regulate by targeting PPRs, adaptor molecules, transcription factor, and cytokines that affect innate signals (miRNAs, marked with red clippers, stands for inhibiting viral replication; miRNAs, marked with green clippers, stands for promoting viral replication) (Color figure online)