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Review
. 2022 Jun 9;24(2):508.
doi: 10.3892/etm.2022.11435. eCollection 2022 Aug.

Phenotypic and genotypic detection methods for antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens (Review)

Mădălina Maria Muntean  1   2 , Andrei-Alexandru Muntean  1   3 , Mădălina Preda  1   2 , Loredana Sabina Cornelia Manolescu  1 , Cerasella Dragomirescu  1   2 , Mircea-Ioan Popa  1   2 , Gabriela Loredana Popa  1   4
Affiliations
Review

Phenotypic and genotypic detection methods for antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens (Review)

Mădălina Maria Muntean et al. Exp Ther Med. .

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing public health problem worldwide. Infections with such bacteria lead to longer hospitalization times, higher healthcare costs and greater morbidity and mortality. Thus, there is a greater need for rapid detection methods in order to limit their spread. The ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp.) are a series of epidemiologically-important microorganisms of great concern due to their high levels of resistance. This review aimed to update the background information on the ESKAPE pathogens as well as to provide a summary of the numerous phenotypic and molecular methods used to detect their AMR mechanisms. While they are usually linked to hospital acquired infections, AMR is also spreading in the veterinary and the environmental sectors. Yet, the epidemiological loop closes with patients which, when infected with such pathogens, often lack therapeutic options. Thus, it was aimed to give the article a One Health perspective.

Keywords: ESKAPE; antibiotic resistance; detection; genotypic detection; phenotypic detection; resistance mechanisms.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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