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. 2022 Jul 15;17(1):53.
doi: 10.1186/s13006-022-00493-6.

Impact of caesarean delivery on children's autism-like behaviours: the mediation of exclusive breastfeeding

Xiaoyun Qin  1   2   3   4 , Peixuan Li  1   2   3   4 , Ya Wu  1   2   3   4 , Xiaoxu Wang  1   2   3   4 , Shuangqin Yan  5 , Yeqing Xu  5 , Peng Zhu  1   2   3   4 , Jiahu Hao  1   2   3   4 , Fangbiao Tao  1   2   3   4 , Kun Huang  6   7   8   9   10
Affiliations

Impact of caesarean delivery on children's autism-like behaviours: the mediation of exclusive breastfeeding

Xiaoyun Qin et al. Int Breastfeed J. .

Abstract

Background: The rate of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been rising worldwide, and therefore it is important to identify potential causes of ASD to facilitate early prevention. This study examined the role of breastfeeding and the association between caesarean delivery (CD) and children's autism spectrum disorder.

Methods: The data were from the Ma'anshan birth cohort (MABC) in China, that was set up between May 2013 and September 2014. Women within 14 gestational weeks were recruited. The delivery mode was extracted from medical notes and infant feeding was obtained from questionnaire surveys. Autism-like behaviour was assessed using the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT-23) when children were 18 months old, and 3 years of age. At 5 years of age, autism-like behaviour was assessed using the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale behavior. Structural equation models tested the mediation effects of breastfeeding between CD and children's autism spectrum disorder.

Results: In all, 1520 (48.89%) women gave birth via CD, and 406 (13.86%) children were identified with autism-like behaviours at 18 months. Compared with women giving birth via vaginal delivery, those giving birth via CD were more likely to experience a higher proportion of delayed initiation of breastfeeding (p < 0.01), and delayed onset of lactogenesis (p < 0.01). CD was associated with a lower proportion of exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months after delivery (p = 0.02). Autism-like behaviour was less likely amongst infants with exclusively breastfeeding at 4 months than amongst those not exclusively breastfeeding at 4 months (p < 0.01). SEM indicated that women who gave birth by CD were more likely to stop exclusive breastfeeding in the first 4 months (standard estimations = - 0.04, p = 0.02), and those children who were not exclusively breastfed at 4 months were more likely to have autism-like behaviours (standard estimations = - 0.05, p < 0.01). The associations persisted at 3 years, but not at 5 years.

Conclusions: Exclusive breastfeeding at 4 months of age mediated the association between caesarean delivery and children's autism-like behaviours.

Keywords: Autism-like behaviours; Caesarean delivery; Children; Exclusive breastfeeding; Infant.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flowchart of participant recruitment. SEM: Structural equation model. CHAT-23: the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers. CABS: the modified Chinese version of the Clancy Autism Behavior Scale
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Structural equation model showing the mediation effect of exclusive breastfeeding within 4 months after delivery on the association between CD and children’s autism-like behaviours at 18 months. CD: Caesarean delivery. *: p < 0.05. **: p < 0.01. The coefficients on the arrow are standardized estimations
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Structural equation model showing the mediation effect of exclusive breastfeeding within 4 months after delivery on the association between CD and children’s autism-like behaviours at 3 years. CD: Caesarean delivery. *: p < 0.05. **: p < 0.01. The coefficients on the arrow are standardized estimations
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Structural equation model showing the mediation effect of exclusive breastfeeding within 4 months after delivery on the association between CD and children’s autism-like behaviours at 5 years. CD: Caesarean delivery. *: p < 0.05. **: p < 0.01. The coefficients on the arrow are standardized estimations
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