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. 2022 Jun 21:9:934073.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.934073. eCollection 2022.

Inhibitory Effect of Fermented Flammulina velutipes Polysaccharides on Mice Intestinal Inflammation

Sheng Ma  1   2 , Jianxiong Xu  1   2 , Ting Lai  1   2 , Weina Xu  1   2 , Jing Zhang  1   2 , Hongcai Zhang  1   2 , Weiyi Zhang  3
Affiliations

Inhibitory Effect of Fermented Flammulina velutipes Polysaccharides on Mice Intestinal Inflammation

Sheng Ma et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

To investigate the effect of Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides (FVPs) on mice intestinal inflammation, FVPs were extracted from Flammulina velutipes (FV) using a solid anaerobic fermentation technique. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of FVP and fermented FVP (FFVP) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that the yield of FFVP (9.44%) was higher than that of FVP (8.65%), but the molecular weight (MW) of FFVP (15,702 Da) was lower than that of FVP (15,961 Da). The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacities of FFVP were higher than that of FVP in preventing mice diarrhea, enhancing antioxidant capacities, and reducing the secretion and mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-18, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The anti-inflammatory mechanisms of FVP and FFVP were analyzed by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 signaling pathway using an LPS-induced mice model. This study indicated that FFVP could be used as a functional antioxidant, indicating a potential application in functional food and health products.

Keywords: Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides; NLRP3 signaling pathway; anti-inflammatory capacities; antioxidant capacities; solid anaerobic fermentation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Molecular weight (MW) of FVP (A) and FFVP (B). FVP and FFVP are Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides and fermented Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Serum inflammatory factor contents, including IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), IL-18 (C), and TNF-α (D). Mice were stimulated with 3 mg/kg LPS and/or 50 and 100 mg/kg FVP and FFVP. CON group, LPS group (3 mg/kg LPS), FVP and FFVP groups (50/100 mg/kg FVP and FFVP plus 3 mg/kg LPS). FV, Flammulina velutipes; FVP, Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides; CON, control group; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LFVP, low dose FVP group; HFVP, high dose FVP group; LFFVP, low dose FFVP group; HFFVP, high dose FFVP group. **P < 0.01 represents LPS vs. CON group; a, b and c (P < 0.05) represent FVP and FFVP groups vs. LPS treated mice.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Jejunum (A), ileum (B), and colon (C) intestinal morphology of CON group (1), LPS group (2), LFVP group (3), HFVP group (4), LFFVP group (5), HFFVP group (6). The magnification is 20 ×. FV, Flammulina velutipes; FVP, Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides; CON, control group; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LFVP, low dose FVP group; HFVP, high dose FVP group; LFFVP, low dose FFVP group; HFFVP, high dose FFVP group.
Figure 4
Figure 4
LPS-induced IL-1β (1), IL-6 (2), IL-18 (3) and TNF-α (4) mRNA expression treated by FVP and FFVP in jejunum (A), ileum (B), and colon (C). Mice were stimulated with 3 mg/kg LPS and/or 50 and 100 mg/kg FVP and FFVP. CON group, LPS group (3 mg/kg LPS), FVP and FFVP groups (50/100 mg/kg FVP and FFVP plus 3 mg/kg LPS). FV, Flammulina velutipes; FVP, Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides; CON, control group; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LFVP, low dose FVP group; HFVP, high dose FVP group; LFFVP, low dose FFVP group; HFFVP, high dose FFVP group. **P < 0.01 represents LPS vs. CON group; a, b and c (P < 0.05) represent FVP and FFVP groups vs. LPS treated mice.
Figure 5
Figure 5
LPS-induced NLRP3/β-actin (A,B), ASC/β-actin (A,C), Caspase-1/β-actin (A,D) and IL-1β/β-actin (A,E) protein expression treated by FVP and FFVP. FV, Flammulina velutipes; FVP, Flammulina velutipes polysaccharides; CON, control group; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LFVP, low dose FVP group; HFVP, high dose FVP group; LFFVP, low dose FFVP group; HFFVP, high dose FFVP group. **P < 0.01 represents LPS vs. CON group; a, b and c (P < 0.05) represent FVP and FFVP groups vs. LPS treated mice.
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