Monkeypox: An old foe, with new challenges

Abstract

At first glance, a multi-country outbreak of monkeypox in 2022 seems unusual. However, the re-emergence and expansion of this viral disease beyond its endemicity in West and Central Africa had previously been predicted as a possible consequence of a decline in population immunity following smallpox eradication. Since the 13th of May 2022, cases of monkeypox have been reported in at least 28 WHO member states from within 4 regions (the Americans, European, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Pacific regions). This summary describes the multi-country outbreak to date, with an emphasis on patient demographics, common symptoms and signs, clinical management (including infection prevention measures) and clinical outcomes of the cases in the United Kingdom, which has so far reported the largest number of laboratory confirmed cases. The future implications of this outbreak, including preventative measures to curb the current outbreak, prevent future outbreaks and the likelihood of the disease becoming endemic in the UK are also discussed.