. 2022 Jun 28;25(8):104682.

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104682. eCollection 2022 Aug 19.

Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature

Xueying Zhang^{1

2}, Yosuke Yamada^{3

4}, Hiroyuki Sagayama⁵, Philip N Ainslie^{6

7}, Ellen E Blaak⁸, Maciej S Buchowski⁹, Graeme L Close⁶, Jamie A Cooper¹⁰, Sai Krupa Das¹¹, Lara R Dugas^{12

13}, Michael Gurven¹⁴, Asmaa El Hamdouchi¹⁵, Sumei Hu^{16

17}, Noorjehan Joonas¹⁸, Peter Katzmarzyk¹⁹, William E Kraus²⁰, Robert F Kushner²¹, William R Leonard²², Corby K Martin¹⁹, Erwin P Meijer⁸, Marian L Neuhouser²³, Robert M Ojiambo^{24

25}, Yannis P Pitsiladis²⁶, Guy Plasqui²⁷, Ross L Prentice²³, Susan B Racette²⁸, Eric Ravussin¹⁹, Leanne M Redman¹⁹, Rebecca M Reynolds²⁹, Susan B Roberts¹¹, Luis B Sardinha³⁰, Analiza M Silva³⁰, Eric Stice³¹, Samuel S Urlacher^{32

33}, Edgar A Van Mil³⁴, Brian M Wood^{35

36}, Alexia J Murphy-Alford³⁷, Cornelia Loechl³⁷, Amy H Luke³⁸, Jennifer Rood¹⁹, Dale A Schoeller³⁹, Klaas R Westerterp⁴⁰, William W Wong⁴¹, Herman Pontzer^{42

43}, John R Speakman^{1

2

17

44}; IAEA DLW database consortium

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

IAEA DLW database consortium:
Lene F Andersen, Liam J Anderson, Lenore Arab, Issad Baddou, Bedu Addo, Stephane Blanc, Alberto Bonomi, Carlijn Vc Bouten, Pascal Bovet, Stefan Branth, Niels C De Bruin, Nancy F Butte, Lisa H Colbert, Stephan G Camps, Alice E Dutman, Simon D Eaton, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Cara Ebbeling, Sölve Elmståhl, Mikael Fogelholm, Terrence Forrester, Barry W Fudge, Tamara Harris, Rik Heijligenberg, Annelies H Goris, Catherine Hambly, Marije B Hoos, Hans U Jorgensen, Annemiek M Joosen, Kitty P Kempen, Misaka Kimura, Watanee Kriengsinyos, Estelle V Lambert, Christel L Larsson, Nader Lessan, David S Ludwig, Margaret McCloskey, Anine C Medin, Gerwin A Meijer, Eric Matsiko, Alida Melse-Boonstra, James C Morehen, James P Morton, Theresa A Nicklas, Daphne L Pannemans, Kirsi H Pietiläinen, Renaat M Philippaerts, Roberto A Rabinovich, John J Reilly, Elisabet M Rothenberg, Albertine J Schuit, Sabine Schulz, Anders M Sjödin, Amy Subar, Minna Tanskanen, Ricardo Uauy, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M Van Etten, Rita Van den Berg-Emons, Wim G Van Gemert, Erica J Velthuis-Te Wierik, Wilhelmine W Verboeket-van de Venne, Jeanine A Verbunt, Jonathan Ck Wells, George Wilson

Affiliations

¹ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
² Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
³ Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
⁴ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
⁶ Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
⁷ University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
⁸ Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
⁹ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁰ Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹¹ Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, USA.
¹² Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA.
¹³ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN- Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco.
¹⁶ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
¹⁷ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
¹⁸ Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius.
¹⁹ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
²⁰ Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
²¹ Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
²² Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
²³ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²⁴ Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
²⁵ University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
²⁶ University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
²⁷ Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
²⁸ Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
²⁹ Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
³⁰ Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Department of Sport and Health, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
³¹ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
³² Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
³³ Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
³⁴ Maastricht University, Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
³⁵ University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
³⁶ Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture. Leipzig, Germany.
³⁷ Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
³⁸ Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
³⁹ Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
⁴⁰ NUTRIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
⁴² Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴³ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁴ CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.

PMID: 35865134
PMCID: PMC9294192
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104682

Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature

Xueying Zhang et al. iScience. 2022.

. 2022 Jun 28;25(8):104682.

doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104682. eCollection 2022 Aug 19.

Authors

Collaborators

IAEA DLW database consortium:
Lene F Andersen, Liam J Anderson, Lenore Arab, Issad Baddou, Bedu Addo, Stephane Blanc, Alberto Bonomi, Carlijn Vc Bouten, Pascal Bovet, Stefan Branth, Niels C De Bruin, Nancy F Butte, Lisa H Colbert, Stephan G Camps, Alice E Dutman, Simon D Eaton, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Cara Ebbeling, Sölve Elmståhl, Mikael Fogelholm, Terrence Forrester, Barry W Fudge, Tamara Harris, Rik Heijligenberg, Annelies H Goris, Catherine Hambly, Marije B Hoos, Hans U Jorgensen, Annemiek M Joosen, Kitty P Kempen, Misaka Kimura, Watanee Kriengsinyos, Estelle V Lambert, Christel L Larsson, Nader Lessan, David S Ludwig, Margaret McCloskey, Anine C Medin, Gerwin A Meijer, Eric Matsiko, Alida Melse-Boonstra, James C Morehen, James P Morton, Theresa A Nicklas, Daphne L Pannemans, Kirsi H Pietiläinen, Renaat M Philippaerts, Roberto A Rabinovich, John J Reilly, Elisabet M Rothenberg, Albertine J Schuit, Sabine Schulz, Anders M Sjödin, Amy Subar, Minna Tanskanen, Ricardo Uauy, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M Van Etten, Rita Van den Berg-Emons, Wim G Van Gemert, Erica J Velthuis-Te Wierik, Wilhelmine W Verboeket-van de Venne, Jeanine A Verbunt, Jonathan Ck Wells, George Wilson

Affiliations

¹ Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
² Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
³ Institute for Active Health, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan.
⁴ National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan.
⁵ Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
⁶ Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
⁷ University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus School of Health and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Health and Social Development Kelowna, Kelowna, BC, Canada.
⁸ Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
⁹ Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
¹⁰ Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
¹¹ Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street, Boston, MA, USA.
¹² Department of Public Health Sciences, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, IL, USA.
¹³ Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Unité Mixte de Recherche en Nutrition et Alimentation, CNESTEN- Université Ibn Tofail URAC39, Regional Designated Center of Nutrition Associated with AFRA/IAEA, Rabat, Morocco.
¹⁶ Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, National Soybean Processing Industry Technology Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China.
¹⁷ State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
¹⁸ Central Health Laboratory, Ministry of Health and Wellness, Port Louis, Mauritius.
¹⁹ Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
²⁰ Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
²¹ Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
²² Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
²³ Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center and School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
²⁴ Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya.
²⁵ University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda.
²⁶ University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK.
²⁷ Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
²⁸ Program in Physical Therapy and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
²⁹ Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
³⁰ Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Department of Sport and Health, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
³¹ Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
³² Department of Anthropology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
³³ Child and Brain Development Program, CIFAR, Toronto, Canada.
³⁴ Maastricht University, Maastricht and Lifestyle Medicine Center for Children, Jeroen Bosch Hospital's-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands.
³⁵ University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
³⁶ Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Human Behavior, Ecology, and Culture. Leipzig, Germany.
³⁷ Nutritional and Health Related Environmental Studies Section, Division of Human Health, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
³⁸ Division of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health Sciences, Loyola University School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA.
³⁹ Biotech Center and Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
⁴⁰ NUTRIM, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
⁴¹ Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Houston, TX, USA.
⁴² Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴³ Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁴⁴ CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming, China.

PMID: 35865134
PMCID: PMC9294192
DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104682

Abstract

Lower ambient temperature (T_a) requires greater energy expenditure to sustain body temperature. However, effects of T_a on human energetics may be buffered by environmental modification and behavioral compensation. We used the IAEA DLW database for adults in the USA (n = 3213) to determine the effect of T_a (-10 to +30°C) on TEE, basal (BEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) and physical activity level (PAL). There were no significant relationships (p > 0.05) between maximum, minimum and average T_a and TEE, BEE, AEE and PAL. After adjustment for fat-free mass, fat mass and age, statistically significant (p < 0.01) relationships between TEE, BEE and T_a emerged in females but the effect sizes were not biologically meaningful. Temperatures inside buildings are regulated at 18-25°C independent of latitude. Hence, adults in the US modify their environments to keep TEE constant across a wide range of external ambient temperatures.

Keywords: Human Physiology; Human activity in medical context; Human metabolism.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

**Figure 1**
Associations between unadjusted total, basal, activity energy expenditure, physical activity levels, and ambient temperature (A) average temperature (^oC) vs TEE (MJ/day). (B) average temperature (^oC) vs BEE (MJ/day). (C) average temperature (^oC) vs AEE (MJ/day). (D) average temperature (^oC) vs PAL. Each data point is a different individual. The black lines are the least-squares fitted regression lines for males, and the red lines are for females.

**Figure 2**
Associations between adjusted total, basal, activity energy expenditure, physical activity levels (adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and age²), and ambient temperature (A) average (B) maximum and (C) minimum temperature (^oC) vs adjusted TEE (MJ/day). (D) average, (E) maximum, and (F) minimum temperature (^oC) vs adjusted BEE (MJ/day). (G) average, (H) maximum, and (I) minimum temperature (^oC) vs adjusted AEE (MJ/day). (J) average, (K) maximum, and (L) minimum temperature (^oC) vs adjusted PAL. Each data point is a different individual. The black lines are the least-squares fitted regression lines for males, and the red lines are for females.

**Figure 3**
Associations between (A): outdoor temperature (^oC) and (B): indoor temperature (^oC) and latitude (^oN) The outdoor temperature is the average temperature. For the indoor temperatures, the limits of 25°C and 18°C are shown in red.

**Figure 4**
Seasonal variations of ambient temperature and seasonal effects for TEE, BEE, AEE, PAL, body mass, fat-free mass, fat mass, adjusted TEE, adjusted BEE, adjusted AEE, adjusted PAL (adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, age, and age²) Plots A to J are shown as double plots to illuminate the seasonal trends, and all error bars are present as SE. (A) average temperature (^oC). (B) maximum temperature (^oC). (C) minimum temperature (^oC). (D) Total energy expenditure (MJ/d). (E) Basal energy expenditure (MJ/d). (F) Activity energy expenditure (MJ/d). (G) Physical activity level. (H) Body mass (kg). (I) fat-free mass (kg). (J) fat mass (kg). (K) adjusted TEE. (L) adjusted BEE. (M) adjusted AEE, and (N) adjusted PAL. (O) repeated measures of adjusted TEE. Lines join repeat measures of the same individual in different months. Unadjusted and adjusted TEE, BEE, and AEE are in MJ/day, and each data point is a different individual.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature

Collaborators

Affiliations

Human total, basal and activity energy expenditures are independent of ambient environmental temperature

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources