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. 2022 Jul 5:13:932475.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.932475. eCollection 2022.

Antifungal Activities of Pure and ZnO-Encapsulated Essential Oil of Zataria multiflora on Alternaria solani as the Pathogenic Agent of Tomato Early Blight Disease

Arezou Akhtari  1 , Mahdi Davari  1 , Aziz Habibi-Yangjeh  2 , Asgar Ebadollahi  3 , Solmaz Feizpour  2
Affiliations

Antifungal Activities of Pure and ZnO-Encapsulated Essential Oil of Zataria multiflora on Alternaria solani as the Pathogenic Agent of Tomato Early Blight Disease

Arezou Akhtari et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

The utilization of plant essential oils (EOs) and nanomaterials due to their safety compared with synthetic chemicals has been considered in the management of plant diseases. In this study, the inhibitory effects of Zataria multiflora, Nepeta haussknechtii, Artemisia sieberi, and Citrus aurantifolia EOs in pure and Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanocapsulated formulations were evaluated on the mycelial growth of Alternaria solani to find a suitable alternative for synthetic chemicals. The crystal structure and morphological properties of the fabricated nanomaterials were assessed via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses. The textural features of the prepared nanoparticles were investigated with Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, and the presence of elements in the samples was studied with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) technique. The mycelial growth inhibitory (MGI) was performed in the laboratory by mixing with potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium at concentrations of 100, 300, 600, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm. Based on the results, major differences were monitored between different concentrations. At the highest studied concentration, the inhibition of Z. multiflora EO was 100%, which was 43.20, 42.37, and 21.19% for N. haussknechtii, A. sieberi, and C. aurantifolia, respectively, and the inhibition of their nanocapsules was 100, 51.32, 55.23, and 26.58%, respectively. In the greenhouse study, Z. multiflora EO and its nanocapsule (ZnO-ZmEO) were compared with the ZnO and chlorothalonil fungicide based on the highest inhibitory of Z. multiflora in vitro. The highest antifungal effect was related to the ZnO-ZmEO by 53.33%. Therefore, the ZnO-ZmEO formulation can be recommended as a biofungicide for managing and controlling tomato early blight disease after further research.

Keywords: Alternaria solani; Zataria multiflora; ZnO; essential oil nanocapsules; plant disease management.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
(A) XRD patterns, (B) EDS spectra, (C) TGA diagrams, (D) BET plots, (E) FT-IR spectra, and (F) DLS analyses of the ZnO and ZnO-EO samples, and (G) SEM images of the prepared samples: 1, ZnO; 2, ZnO-CaEO; 3, ZnO-ZmEO; 4, ZnO-NhEO; and 5, ZnO-AsEO.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Antifungal activity of EOs and nanocapsules on the growth rate of A. solani at various concentrations of 0–2,000 ppm: (A) Z. multiflora, (B) ZnO-ZmEO, (C) N. haussknechtii, (D) ZnO-NhEO, (E) A. sieberi, (F) ZnO-AsEO, (G) C. aurantifolia, and (H) ZnO-CaEO.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Comparison of mean inhibitory percentage of A. solani mycelial growth with EOs in vitro. The symbol “*” indicates the fungistatic property.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Comparison of mean inhibitory percentage of A. solani mycelial growth with ZnO and nanocapsules of essential oils in vitro. The symbol “*” indicates the fungistatic property.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Comparison of mean inhibitory percentage of ZnO, ZnO-ZmEO, pure Z. multiflora EO, and chlorothalonil on early blight disease.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
In vivo antifungal activity of the ZnO, pure Z. multiflora EO, ZnO-ZmEO, and chlorothalonil against Alternaria solani on tomato plants.
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Comparison of mean wet weight of tomato plants treated by different concentrations of the ZnO, pure Z. multiflora EO, ZnO-ZmEO, and chlorothalonil.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Comparison of mean dry weight of tomato plants treated by different concentrations of the ZnO, pure Z. multiflora EO, ZnO-ZmEO, and chlorothalonil.
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