Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3

. 2022 Jul 22;7(7):CD013705.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3.

Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Jacqueline Dinnes^{1

2}, Pawana Sharma³, Sarah Berhane², Susanna S van Wyk⁴, Nicholas Nyaaba⁵, Julie Domen⁶, Melissa Taylor⁷, Jane Cunningham⁸, Clare Davenport^{1

2}, Sabine Dittrich⁹, Devy Emperador⁹, Lotty Hooft¹⁰, Mariska Mg Leeflang¹¹, Matthew Df McInnes¹², René Spijker^{10

13}, Jan Y Verbakel⁶, Yemisi Takwoingi^{1

2}, Sian Taylor-Phillips¹⁴, Ann Van den Bruel⁶, Jonathan J Deeks^{1

2}; Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group²

Affiliations

¹ Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
² NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³ Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁴ Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵ Infectious Disease Unit, 37 Military Hospital, Cantonments, Ghana.
⁶ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
⁸ Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹ FIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
¹¹ Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹² Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
¹³ Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴ Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

PMID: 35866452
PMCID: PMC9305720
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3

Rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection

Jacqueline Dinnes et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022.

. 2022 Jul 22;7(7):CD013705.

doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Test Evaluation Research Group, Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
² NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
³ Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁴ Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵ Infectious Disease Unit, 37 Military Hospital, Cantonments, Ghana.
⁶ Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁷ Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK.
⁸ Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
⁹ FIND, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
¹¹ Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹² Department of Radiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
¹³ Medical Library, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
¹⁴ Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.

PMID: 35866452
PMCID: PMC9305720
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3

Abstract

Background: Accurate rapid diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 infection would be a useful tool to help manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Testing strategies that use rapid antigen tests to detect current infection have the potential to increase access to testing, speed detection of infection, and inform clinical and public health management decisions to reduce transmission. This is the second update of this review, which was first published in 2020.

Objectives: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of rapid, point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. We consider accuracy separately in symptomatic and asymptomatic population groups. Sources of heterogeneity investigated included setting and indication for testing, assay format, sample site, viral load, age, timing of test, and study design.

Search methods: We searched the COVID-19 Open Access Project living evidence database from the University of Bern (which includes daily updates from PubMed and Embase and preprints from medRxiv and bioRxiv) on 08 March 2021. We included independent evaluations from national reference laboratories, FIND and the Diagnostics Global Health website. We did not apply language restrictions.

Selection criteria: We included studies of people with either suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, known SARS-CoV-2 infection or known absence of infection, or those who were being screened for infection. We included test accuracy studies of any design that evaluated commercially produced, rapid antigen tests. We included evaluations of single applications of a test (one test result reported per person) and evaluations of serial testing (repeated antigen testing over time). Reference standards for presence or absence of infection were any laboratory-based molecular test (primarily reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)) or pre-pandemic respiratory sample.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard screening procedures with three people. Two people independently carried out quality assessment (using the QUADAS-2 tool) and extracted study results. Other study characteristics were extracted by one review author and checked by a second. We present sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each test, and pooled data using the bivariate model. We investigated heterogeneity by including indicator variables in the random-effects logistic regression models. We tabulated results by test manufacturer and compliance with manufacturer instructions for use and according to symptom status.

Main results: We included 155 study cohorts (described in 166 study reports, with 24 as preprints). The main results relate to 152 evaluations of single test applications including 100,462 unique samples (16,822 with confirmed SARS-CoV-2). Studies were mainly conducted in Europe (101/152, 66%), and evaluated 49 different commercial antigen assays. Only 23 studies compared two or more brands of test. Risk of bias was high because of participant selection (40, 26%); interpretation of the index test (6, 4%); weaknesses in the reference standard for absence of infection (119, 78%); and participant flow and timing 41 (27%). Characteristics of participants (45, 30%) and index test delivery (47, 31%) differed from the way in which and in whom the test was intended to be used. Nearly all studies (91%) used a single RT-PCR result to define presence or absence of infection. The 152 studies of single test applications reported 228 evaluations of antigen tests. Estimates of sensitivity varied considerably between studies, with consistently high specificities. Average sensitivity was higher in symptomatic (73.0%, 95% CI 69.3% to 76.4%; 109 evaluations; 50,574 samples, 11,662 cases) compared to asymptomatic participants (54.7%, 95% CI 47.7% to 61.6%; 50 evaluations; 40,956 samples, 2641 cases). Average sensitivity was higher in the first week after symptom onset (80.9%, 95% CI 76.9% to 84.4%; 30 evaluations, 2408 cases) than in the second week of symptoms (53.8%, 95% CI 48.0% to 59.6%; 40 evaluations, 1119 cases). For those who were asymptomatic at the time of testing, sensitivity was higher when an epidemiological exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was suspected (64.3%, 95% CI 54.6% to 73.0%; 16 evaluations; 7677 samples, 703 cases) compared to where COVID-19 testing was reported to be widely available to anyone on presentation for testing (49.6%, 95% CI 42.1% to 57.1%; 26 evaluations; 31,904 samples, 1758 cases). Average specificity was similarly high for symptomatic (99.1%) or asymptomatic (99.7%) participants. We observed a steady decline in summary sensitivities as measures of sample viral load decreased. Sensitivity varied between brands. When tests were used according to manufacturer instructions, average sensitivities by brand ranged from 34.3% to 91.3% in symptomatic participants (20 assays with eligible data) and from 28.6% to 77.8% for asymptomatic participants (12 assays). For symptomatic participants, summary sensitivities for seven assays were 80% or more (meeting acceptable criteria set by the World Health Organization (WHO)). The WHO acceptable performance criterion of 97% specificity was met by 17 of 20 assays when tests were used according to manufacturer instructions, 12 of which demonstrated specificities above 99%. For asymptomatic participants the sensitivities of only two assays approached but did not meet WHO acceptable performance standards in one study each; specificities for asymptomatic participants were in a similar range to those observed for symptomatic people. At 5% prevalence using summary data in symptomatic people during the first week after symptom onset, the positive predictive value (PPV) of 89% means that 1 in 10 positive results will be a false positive, and around 1 in 5 cases will be missed. At 0.5% prevalence using summary data for asymptomatic people, where testing was widely available and where epidemiological exposure to COVID-19 was suspected, resulting PPVs would be 38% to 52%, meaning that between 2 in 5 and 1 in 2 positive results will be false positives, and between 1 in 2 and 1 in 3 cases will be missed.

Authors' conclusions: Antigen tests vary in sensitivity. In people with signs and symptoms of COVID-19, sensitivities are highest in the first week of illness when viral loads are higher. Assays that meet appropriate performance standards, such as those set by WHO, could replace laboratory-based RT-PCR when immediate decisions about patient care must be made, or where RT-PCR cannot be delivered in a timely manner. However, they are more suitable for use as triage to RT-PCR testing. The variable sensitivity of antigen tests means that people who test negative may still be infected. Many commercially available rapid antigen tests have not been evaluated in independent validation studies. Evidence for testing in asymptomatic cohorts has increased, however sensitivity is lower and there is a paucity of evidence for testing in different settings. Questions remain about the use of antigen test-based repeat testing strategies. Further research is needed to evaluate the effectiveness of screening programmes at reducing transmission of infection, whether mass screening or targeted approaches including schools, healthcare setting and traveller screening.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Jonathan J Deeks: JD has published or been quoted in opinion pieces in scientific publications, and in the mainstream and social media related to diagnostic testing. JD was the statistician on the Birmingham evaluation of the Innova test which is mentioned in the discussion of the paper. There was no funding for this evaluation of the Innova test. JD is a member of the Royal Statistical Society (RSS) COVID‐19 taskforce steering group, and co‐chair of the RSS Diagnostic Test Advisory Group. He is a consultant adviser to the World Health Organization (WHO) Essential Diagnostic List. JD receives payment from the BMJ as their Chief Statistical advisor.

Jacqueline Dinnes: none known

Yemisi Takwoingi: none known

Clare Davenport: none known

Mariska MG Leeflang: none known

René Spijker: none known

Lotty Hooft: none known

Ann Van den Bruel: none known

Devy Emperador: is employed by FIND with funding from DFID and KFW. FIND is a global non‐for profit product development partnership and WHO Diagnostic Collaboration Centre. It is FIND’s role to accelerate access to high‐quality diagnostic tools for low‐resource settings and this is achieved by supporting both research and development and access activities for a wide range of diseases, including COVID‐19. FIND has several clinical research projects to evaluate multiple new diagnostic tests against published Target Product Profiles that have been defined through consensus processes. These studies are for diagnostic products developed by private sector companies who provide access to know‐how, equipment/reagents, and contribute through unrestricted donations as per FIND policy and external SAC review.

Sabine Dittrich: is employed by FIND with funding from DFID and Australian Aid. FIND is a global non‐for profit product development partnership and WHO Diagnostic Collaboration Centre. It is FIND’s role to accelerate access to high‐quality diagnostic tools for low‐resource settings and this is achieved by supporting both research and development and access activities for a wide range of diseases, including COVID‐19. FIND has several clinical research projects to evaluate multiple new diagnostic tests against published Target Product Profiles that have been defined through consensus processes. These studies are for diagnostic products developed by private sector companies who provide access to know‐how, equipment/reagents, and contribute through unrestricted donations as per FIND policy and external SAC review.

Sian Taylor‐Phillips: none known

Sarah Berhane: none known

Jane Cunningham: none known

Figures

2
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph for evaluations of single test applications: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies. Numbers in the bars indicate the number of studies

3
Risk of bias and applicability concerns graph for studies with repeat (serial) testing: review authors' judgements about each domain presented as percentages across included studies

4
Forest plot of data for antigen tests for symptomatic or mainly symptomatic populations. **BR:** Brazil; **CH:** Switzerland; **DE:** Germany; **ED:** emergency department; **HCW:** healthcare worker; **Lab:** laboratory

5
Forest plot of data for antigen tests for asymptomatic or mainly asymptomatic populations: **DE:** Germany; **ED:** emergency department; **HCW:** healthcare worker

6
Forest plot of tests: 4 mixed symptom status, 5 symptoms not reported

7
Forest plot of data for symptomatic participants by week post‐symptom onset (pso). **Ag:** antigen; **BR:** Brazil; **CH:** Switzerland; **DE:** Germany; **ED:** emergency department

8
Forest plot of data for asymptomatic participants by week after contact with confirmed case

9
Forest plot of data for accuracy in children and within‐study comparison of data for adults (where available)

10
Forest plot of data by viral load (in subgroups by cycle threshold (Ct) value)

11
Forest plot of data by viral load (in subgroups by RNA copies/mL)

12
Forest plot of results per assay in symptomatic participants (overall and in manufacturer instructions for use (IFU)‐compliant evaluations); red lines indicate World Health Organization acceptable and desirable performance standards for sensitivity and specificity in suspected COVID‐19 cases

13
Forest plot of results per assay in asymptomatic participants (overall and in manufacturer instructions for use (IFU)‐compliant evaluations); red lines indicate World Health Organization acceptable and desirable performance standards for sensitivity and specificity in suspected COVID‐19 cases (there are no performance standards specifically for asymptomatic populations)

14
Forest plot of data by study design. **BR:** Brazil; **CH:** Switzerland; **DE:** Germany; **HCW:** healthcare worker

16
Forest plot of within‐study comparisons by sample site, collection, or interpretation.

17
Forest plot of data in higher versus lower viral load subgroups (< or > 25 Ct). **BR:** Brazil; **CH:** Switzerland; **Ct:** cycle threshold; **DE:** Germany; **HCW:** healthcare worker

18
Forest plot of data in higher versus lower viral load subgroups (< or > 32/33 Ct threshold). **BR:** Brazil; **CH:** Switzerland; ; **Ct:** cycle threshold; **DE:** Germany

19
Forest plot of data in higher versus lower viral load subgroups (< or > 30 Ct). **Ct:** cycle threshold; **HCW:** healthcare worker

20
Forest plot of data in higher versus lower viral load subgroups (> or < 10^6 RNA copies/mL)

21
Forest plot of data in higher versus lower viral load subgroups (> or < 10^5 RNA copies/mL)

22
Forest plot of individual study results overall (regardless of symptom status) by assay

23
Forest plot of individual study results in symptomatic participants by assay

24
Forest plot of individual study results in asymptomatic participants by assay

25
Forest plot of data from studies reporting within‐study comparisons by test brand

26
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary for evaluations of single test applications: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study

27
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary for studies with repeat (serial) testing: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study

28
Forest plot of data contributing to overall analysis (n=210 evaluations).

**10. Test**
All data (for sample type comparison)

**12. Test**
Adult (direct comparison only)

**17. Test**
Higher viral load: < 32/33 Ct

**18. Test**
Lower viral load: > 32/33 Ct

**25. Test**
Higher viral load: ≥ 10^6 RNA copies/mL

**26. Test**
Lower viral load: < 10^6 RNA copies/mL

**27. Test**
Higher viral load: ≥ 10^5 RNA copies/mL

**28. Test**
Lower viral load: < 10^5 RNA copies/mL

**29. Test**
Subgroup: ≥ 10^8 RNA copies/mL

**30. Test**
Subgroup: 10^7 RNA copies/mL

**31. Test**
Subgroup: ≥ 10^7 RNA copies/mL

**32. Test**
Subgroup: 10^6 RNA copies/mL

**33. Test**
Subgroup: 10^5 RNA copies/mL

**34. Test**
Subgroup: < 10^5 RNA copies/mL

**35. Test**
Subgroup: 10^4 RNA copies/mL

**36. Test**
Subgroup: < 10^4 RNA copies/mL

**37. Test**
Direct test comparisons (by brand)

**38. Test**
Direct test comparisons (by sample, operator or interpretation)

**40. Test**
Abbott ‐ BinaxNOW COVID‐19 Ag card (CGIA)

**41. Test**
Abbott ‐ Panbio Covid‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**42. Test**
Abbott ‐ Panbio Covid‐19 Ag ‐ Nasal (CGIA)

**43. Test**
Access Bio ‐ CareStart Covid‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**44. Test**
Anhui Deepblue ‐ COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**45. Test**
Becton Dickinson ‐ BD Veritor ‐ using Analyser (LFA)

**46. Test**
Becton Dickinson ‐ BD Veritor ‐ no Analyser (LFA)

**47. Test**
BIONOTE ‐ NowCheck COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**48. Test**
BIONOTE ‐ NowCheck COVID‐19 Ag ‐ Nasal (CGIA)

**49. Test**
Biosynex ‐ Biosynex COVID‐19 Ag BSS (CGIA)

**50. Test**
Biotical Health ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag card (CGIA)

**51. Test**
Boditech Medical ‐ iChroma COVID‐19 Ag (FIA)

**53. Test**
Coris Bioconcept ‐ COVID‐19 Ag Respi‐Strip (CGIA)

**54. Test**
Denka Co ‐ QuickNavi COVID‐19 Ag (LFA ‐ latex conjugated)

**55. Test**
DIALAB ‐ DIAQUICK COVID‐19 Ag (LFA)

**56. Test**
E25Bio ‐ Covid‐19 DART (CGIA)

**57. Test**
ECODiagnostica ‐ COVID‐19 Ag ECO (CGIA)

**58. Test**
Encode/Emmo Pharma ‐ Encode (LFA)

**59. Test**
Fortress Diagnostics ‐ Coronavirus Ag (CGIA)

**60. Test**
FUJIFILM ‐ COVID‐19 Ag Test (CGIA)

**61. Test**
Fujirebio ‐ ESPLINE SARS‐CoV‐2 [LFA(ALP)]

**62. Test**
Guangzhou Wondfo ‐ 2019‐nCoV Ag (CGIA)

**63. Test**
Innova Medical Group ‐ Innova SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag (CGIA)

**64. Test**
Joysbio Biotech ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag (CGIA)

**65. Test**
Lepu Medical ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag Rapid Test (CGIA)

**66. Test**
Lepu Medical ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag Rapid Test ‐ Saliva (CGIA

**67. Test**
Liming Bio‐Products ‐ StrongStep® COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**68. Test**
LumiraDx ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag (Microfluidic FIA)

**69. Test**
MEDsan GmbH ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag

**70. Test**
Mologic ‐ COVID 19 Rapid Ag (LFA)

**71. Test**
Nal Von Minden ‐ NADAL COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**72. Test**
Orient Gene/Healgen Scientific ‐ Coronavirus Ag (CGIA)

**74. Test**
Precision Biosensor ‐ Exdia COVID‐19 Ag (FIA)

**75. Test**
Quidel Corporation ‐ SOFIA SARS Antigen (FIA)

**76. Test**
RapiGEN ‐ BIOCREDIT COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**77. Test**
R‐Biopharm ‐ RIDA QUICK SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag (CGIA)

**78. Test**
Savant Biotech ‐ Huaketai SARS‐CoV‐2 N Protein (LFA)

**79. Test**
SD Biosensor ‐ STANDARD F COVID‐19 Ag (FIA)

**80. Test**
SD Biosensor/Roche ‐ STANDARD Q COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**81. Test**
SD Biosensor ‐ STANDARD Q COVID‐Ag ‐ Nasal (CGIA)

**82. Test**
Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotech ‐ 2019‐nCoV Ag (FIA)

**83. Test**
Sichuan Mass Spectrometry Biotech ‐ 2019‐nCov Ag (LFA)

**84. Test**
Siemens ‐ CLINITEST Rapid COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**85. Test**
Spring Healthcare ‐ SARS‐CoV‐2 Ag (CGIA)

**86. Test**
Sugentech Inc ‐ SGTI‐flex COVID‐19 Ag (CGIA)

**87. Test**
SureScreen Diagnostics ‐ SureScreen F (FIA)

**88. Test**
SureScreen Diagnostics ‐ SureScreen V (LFA)

**89. Test**
Antigen test evaluations ‐ Single group design (sensitivity and specificity)

**90. Test**
Antigen test evaluations ‐ Two group design

**91. Test**
Antigen test evaluations ‐ Unclear design

**92. Test**
Repeated testing (see Table 5 for 2x2 by study)

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Rapid, point-of-care antigen and molecular-based tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Dinnes J, Deeks JJ, Berhane S, Taylor M, Adriano A, Davenport C, Dittrich S, Emperador D, Takwoingi Y, Cunningham J, Beese S, Domen J, Dretzke J, Ferrante di Ruffano L, Harris IM, Price MJ, Taylor-Phillips S, Hooft L, Leeflang MM, McInnes MD, Spijker R, Van den Bruel A; Cochrane COVID-19 Diagnostic Test Accuracy Group. Dinnes J, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 24;3(3):CD013705. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2022 Jul 22;7:CD013705. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013705.pub3. PMID: 33760236 Free PMC article. Updated.

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Stick with the nose…Saliva rapid antigen testing is not a viable method for testing children under 5 years old.
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References

References to studies included in this review

Abdelrazik 2021 {published data only}

1. Abdelrazik AM, Elshafie SM, Abdelaziz HM. Potential respiratory specimens in low-resource settings in Egypt for symptomatic patients and high-risk contacts. Laboratory Medicine 2021;52(2):e46-9. - PMC - PubMed

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1. Abdulrahman A, Mustafa F, AlAwadhi AI, Alansari Q, AlAlawi B, AlQahtani M. Comparison of SARS-COV-2 nasal antigen test to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR in mildly symptomatic patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Agullo 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Agullo V, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Ortiz de la Tabla V, Gonzalo-Jimenez N, Garcia JA, Masia M, et al. Evaluation of the rapid antigen test Panbio COVID-19 in saliva and nasal swabs in a population-based point-of-care study. Journal of Infection 2021;82(5):186-230. - PMC - PubMed

Agullo 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Agullo V, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Ortiz de la Tabla V, Gonzalo-Jimenez N, Garcia JA, Masia M, et al. Evaluation of the rapid antigen test Panbio COVID-19 in saliva and nasal swabs in a population-based point-of-care study. Journal of Infection 2021;82(5):186-230. - PMC - PubMed

Agullo 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Agullo V, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Ortiz de la Tabla V, Gonzalo-Jimenez N, Garcia JA, Masia M, et al. Evaluation of the rapid antigen test Panbio COVID-19 in saliva and nasal swabs in a population-based point-of-care study. Journal of Infection 2021;82(5):186-230. - PMC - PubMed

Akingba 2021 {published data only}

1. Akingba OL, Sprong K, Hardie DR. Field performance evaluation of the Panbio rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay in an epidemic driven by 501Y.v2 (lineage B.1.351) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Albert 2020 {published data only}

1. Albert E, Torres I, Bueno F, Huntley D, Molla E, Fernández-Fuentes M, et al. Field evaluation of a rapid antigen test (Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device) for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in primary healthcare centers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Albert E, Torres I, Bueno F, Huntley D, Molla E, Fernández-Fuentes MA, et al. Field evaluation of a rapid antigen test (Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device) for COVID-19 diagnosis in primary healthcare centers. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020 Nov 13 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Alemany 2021 {published data only}

1. Alemany A, Baro B, Ouchi D, Rodó P, Ubals M, Corbacho-Monné M, et al. Analytical and clinical performance of the Panbio COVID-19 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test. Journal of Infection 2021;82(5):186-230. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Alemany A, Baro B, Ouchi D, Ubals M, Corbacho-Monné M, Vergara-Alert J, et al. Analytical and clinical performance of the Panbio COVID-19 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Aoki 2021 {published data only}

1. Aoki K, Nagasawa T, Ishii Y, Yagi S, Kashiwagi K, Miyazaki T, et al. Evaluation of clinical utility of novel coronavirus antigen detection reagent, Espline(R) SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2021;27(2):319-22. - PMC - PubMed

Baro 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Baro B, Rodo P, Ouchi D, Bordoy AE, Saya Amaro EN, Salsench SV, et al. Performance characteristics of five antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection: a head-to-head benchmark comparison. Journal of Infection 2021;82(6):269-75. - PMC - PubMed

Baro 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Baro B, Rodo P, Ouchi D, Bordoy AE, Saya Amaro EN, Salsench SV, et al. Performance characteristics of five antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection: a head-to-head benchmark comparison. Journal of Infection 2021;82(6):269-75. - PMC - PubMed

Baro 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Baro B, Rodo P, Ouchi D, Bordoy AE, Saya Amaro EN, Salsench SV, et al. Performance characteristics of five antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection: a head-to-head benchmark comparison. Journal of Infection 2021;82(6):269-75. - PMC - PubMed

Baro 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Baro B, Rodo P, Ouchi D, Bordoy AE, Saya Amaro EN, Salsench SV, et al. Performance characteristics of five antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection: a head-to-head benchmark comparison. Journal of Infection 2021;82(6):269-75. - PMC - PubMed

Baro 2021 [E] {published data only}

1. Baro B, Rodo P, Ouchi D, Bordoy AE, Saya Amaro EN, Salsench SV, et al. Performance characteristics of five antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test (Ag-RDT) for SARS-CoV-2 asymptomatic infection: a head-to-head benchmark comparison. Journal of Infection 2021;82(6):269-75. - PMC - PubMed

Basso 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Basso D, Aita A, Padoan A, Cosma C, Navaglia F, Moz S, et al. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid detection: a prospective cohort study. Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 2021;517:54-9. - PMC - PubMed
1. Basso D, Aita A, Padoan A, Cosma C, Navaglia F, Moz S, et al. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid detection: a prospective cohort study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Basso 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Basso D, Aita A, Padoan A, Cosma C, Navaglia F, Moz S, et al. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid detection: A prospective cohort study. Clinica Chimica Acta: The International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 2021;517:54-9. - PMC - PubMed

Basso 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Basso D, Aita A, Padoan A, Cosma C, Navaglia F, Moz S, et al. Salivary SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid detection: A prospective cohort study. Clinica Chimica Acta: The International Journal of Clinical Chemistry 2021;517:54-9. - PMC - PubMed

Beck 2021 {published data only}

1. Beck ET, Paar W, Fojut L, Serwe J, Jahnke RR. Comparison of the Quidel Sofia SARS FIA test to the Hologic Aptima SARS-CoV-2 TMA test for diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic outpatients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(2). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Billaud 2020 {published data only}

1. Billaud G, Gaymard A, Lina B, Laboratoire de Virologie des HCL CNR des virus des infections respiratoires. Evaluation du Test Antigénique ABBOTT SARS-COV2 ABBOT. Lyon, France: SFM (French Society of Microbiology), 2020.

Blairon 2020 {published data only}

1. Blairon L, Wilmet A, Beukinga I, Tre-Hardy M. Implementation of rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigenic testing in a laboratory without access to molecular methods: experiences of a general hospital. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Bulilete 2021 {published data only}

1. Bulilete O, Lorente P, Leiva A, Carandell E, Oliver A, Rojo E, et al. Evaluation of the Panbio rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 in primary health care centers and test sites. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
1. Bulilete O, Lorente P, Leiva A, Carandell E, Oliver A, Rojo E, et al. Panbio rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 has acceptable accuracy in symptomatic patients in primary health care. Journal of Infection 2021;82(3):391-8. - PMC - PubMed

Caruana 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Caruana G, Croxatto A, Kampouri E, Kritikos A, Opota O, Foerster M, et al. Implementing SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing in the emergency ward of a Swiss university hospital: the INCREASE study. Microorganisms 2021;9(4):798. - PMC - PubMed

Caruana 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Caruana G, Croxatto A, Kampouri E, Kritikos A, Opota O, Foerster M, et al. Implementing SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing in the emergency ward of a Swiss university hospital: the INCREASE study. Microorganisms 2021;9(4):798. - PMC - PubMed

Caruana 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Caruana G, Croxatto A, Kampouri E, Kritikos A, Opota O, Foerster M, et al. Implementing SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing in the emergency ward of a Swiss university hospital: the INCREASE study. Microorganisms 2021;9(4):798. - PMC - PubMed

Caruana 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Caruana G, Croxatto A, Kampouri E, Kritikos A, Opota O, Foerster M, et al. Implementing SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing in the emergency ward of a Swiss university hospital: the INCREASE study. Microorganisms 2021;9(4):798. - PMC - PubMed

Cerutti 2020 {published data only}

1. Cerutti F, Burdino E, Milia MG, Allice T, Gregori G, Bruzzone B, et al. Urgent need of rapid tests for SARS CoV-2 antigen detection: evaluation of the SD-Biosensor antigen test for SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;132:104654. - PMC - PubMed

Chaimayo 2020 {published data only}

1. Chaimayo C, Kaewnaphan B, Tanlieng N, Athipanyasilp N, Sirijatuphat R, Chayakulkeeree M, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay in comparison with real-time RT-PCR assay for laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19 in Thailand. Virology Journal 2020;17(1):177. - PMC - PubMed

Ciotti 2021 {published data only}

1. Ciotti M, Maurici M, Pieri M, Andreoni M, Bernardini S. Performance of a rapid antigen test in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(5):2988-91. - PMC - PubMed

Courtellemont 2021 {published data only}

1. Courtellemont L, Guinard J, Guillaume C, Giaché S, Rzepecki V, Seve A, et al. High performance of a novel antigen detection test on nasopharyngeal specimens for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Medical Virology 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Courtellemont L, Guinard J, Guillaume C, Giaché S, Rzepecki V, Seve A, et al. Real-life performance of a novel antigen detection test on nasopharyngeal specimens for SARS-CoV-2 infection diagnosis: a prospective study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Del Vecchio 2021 {published data only}

1. Del Vecchio C, Brancaccio G, Brazzale AR, Lavezzo E, Onelia F, Franchin E, et al. Emergence of N antigen SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants escaping detection of antigenic tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Dominguez Fernandez 2021 {published data only}

1. Dominguez Fernandez M, Pena Rodriguez MF, Lamelo Alfonsin F, Bou Arevalo G. Experience with Panbio rapid antigens test device for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nursing homes. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Drain 2021(a) {published data only}

1. Drain PK, Ampajwala M, Chappel C, Gvozden AB, Hoppers M, Wang M, et al. A rapid, high-sensitivity SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid immunoassay to aid diagnosis of acute COVID-19 at the point of care: a clinical performance study. Infectious Diseases and Therapy 2021;10(2):753-61. - PMC - PubMed
1. Drain PK, Ampajwala M, Chappel C, Gvozden AB, Hoppers M, Wang M, et al. A rapid, high-sensitivity SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid immunoassay to aid diagnosis of acute COVID-19 at the point of care. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Drain 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Drain PK, Ampajwala M, Chappel C, Gvozden AB, Hoppers M, Wang M, et al. A rapid, high-sensitivity SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid immunoassay to aid diagnosis of acute COVID-19 at the point of care: a clinical performance study. Infectious Diseases and Therapy 2021;10(2):753-61. - PMC - PubMed

Drevinek 2020 [A] {published data only}

1. Drevinek P, Hurych J, Kepka Z, Briksi A, Kulich M, Zajac M, et al. The sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests in the view of large-scale testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Drevinek 2020 [B] {published data only}

1. Drevinek P, Hurych J, Kepka Z, Briksi A, Kulich M, Zajac M, et al. The sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests in the view of large-scale testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Faico‐Filho 2021 {published data only}

1. Faíco-Filho KS, Finamor Júnior FE, Vinícius Leão Moreira L, Lins PRG, Justo AFO, Bellei N. Evaluation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 Ag rapid test at an emergency room in a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Favresse 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Favresse J, Gillot C, Oliveira M, Cadrobbi J, Elsen M, Eucher C, et al. Head-to-head comparison of rapid and automated antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Favresse 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Favresse J, Gillot C, Oliveira M, Cadrobbi J, Elsen M, Eucher C, et al. Head-to-head comparison of rapid and automated antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):10.3390/jcm10020265. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Favresse 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Favresse J, Gillot C, Oliveira M, Cadrobbi J, Elsen M, Eucher C, et al. Head-to-head comparison of rapid and automated antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):10.3390/jcm10020265. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Favresse 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Favresse J, Gillot C, Oliveira M, Cadrobbi J, Elsen M, Eucher C et al. Head-to-head comparison of rapid and automated antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):10.3390/jcm10020265. - PMC - PubMed

Fenollar 2020(a) {published data only}

1. Fenollar F, Bouam A, Ballouche M, Fuster L, Prudent E, Colson P, et al. Evaluation of the Panbio Covid-19 rapid antigen detection test device for the screening of patients with COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Fenollar 2020(b) {published data only}

1. Fenollar F, Bouam A, Ballouche M, Fuster L, Prudent E, Colson P, et al. Evaluation of the Panbio Covid-19 rapid antigen detection test device for the screening of patients with COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Ferguson 2021 {published data only}

1. Ferguson J, Dunn S, Best A, Mirza J, Percival B, Mayhew M, et al. Validation testing to determine the effectiveness of lateral flow testing for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 detection in low prevalence settings. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Ferguson J, Dunn S, Best A, Mirza J, Percival B, Mayhew M, et al. Validation testing to determine the sensitivity of lateral flow testing for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 detection in low prevalence settings: Testing frequency and public health messaging is key. PLoS Biology 2021;19(4). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Filgueiras 2021 {published data only}

1. Filgueiras PS, Corsini CA, Almeida NBF, Assis JV, Pedrosa MLC, Oliveira AK, et al. COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test at hospital admission associated to the knowledge of individual risk factors allow overcoming the difficulty of managing suspected patients in hospitals. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

FIND 2020a {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of Bionote, Inc. NowCheck COVID-19 Ag Test - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020b (CH) {published data only}

1. Berger A, Ngo Nsoga MT, Perez R, F J, Abi A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of two commercial SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-detecting rapid tests at the point of care in community-based testing centers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Berger A, Ngo Nsoga MT, Perez-Rodriguez FJ, Aad YA, Sattonnet-Roche P, Gayet-Ageron A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of two commercial SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests at the point of care in community-based testing centers. PLoS One 2021;16(3):e0248921. - PMC - PubMed
1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of Abbott Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020b (DE) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of Abbott Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.
1. Krüger LJ, Gaeddert M, Tobian F, Lainati F, Gottschalk C, Klein JAF et al. The Abbott PanBio WHO emergency use listed, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2-Evaluation of the accuracy and ease-of-use. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0247918. - PMC - PubMed
1. Kruger LJ, Gaeddert M, Tobian F, Lainati F, Klein JAF, Schnitzler P et al. Evaluation of the accuracy and ease-of-use of Abbott PanBio - A WHO emergency use listed, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostic test for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020:2020.10.01.20203836. - PMC - PubMed

FIND 2020c (BR) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020c (CH) {published data only}

1. Berger A, Ngo Nsoga MT, Perez-Rodriguez FJ, Aad YA, Sattonnet-Roche P, Gayet-Ageron A, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of two commercial SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests at the point of care in community-based testing centers. PLoS One 2021;16(3):e0248921. - PMC - PubMed
1. Berger A, Ngo Nsoga MT, Perez-Rodriguez FJ, Abi A, Sattonnet-Roche P, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of two commercial SARS-CoV-2 Antigen-detecting rapid tests at the point of care in community-based testing centers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020c (DE) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). FIND Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc.STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test External Report. Vol. version 2.1. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.
1. Krüger LJ, Gaeddert M, Köppel L, Brümmer LE, Gottschalk C, Miranda IB, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy, ease of use and limit of detection of novel, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

FIND 2020d (BR) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD F COVID-19 Ag FIA - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020d (DE) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD F COVID-19 Ag FIA - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020e (BR) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of RapiGEN Inc. BIOCREDIT COVID-19 Ag - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020e (DE) {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). Evaluation of RapiGEN Inc. BIOCREDIT COVID-19 Ag - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.

FIND 2020f {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). FIND Evaluation of Coris BioConcept COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip - External Report. Vol. v1.2. Switzerland: FIND, 2020.
1. Krüger LJ, Gaeddert M, Köppel L, Brümmer LE, Gottschalk C, Miranda IB, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy, ease of use and limit of detection of novel, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

FIND 2021a [A] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Bionote, Inc. NowCheck COVID-19 Ag TestTest, nasal swab - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021a [B] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Bionote, Inc. NowCheck COVID-19 Ag TestTest, nasal swab - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021b [A] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Abbott Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device [NASAL] - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021b [B] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Abbott Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device [NASAL] - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021c (BR) [A] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test, nasal swab - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021c (BR) [B] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test, nasal swab - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021c (DE) [A] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test, nasal swab - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021c.
1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Burock S, Hulso C, Bolke A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with professional-collected nasal versus nasopharyngeal swab. European Respiratory Journal 2021;57(5). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

FIND 2021c (DE) [B] {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of SD Biosensor, Inc. STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag Test, nasal swab - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.
1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Burock S, Hulso C, Bolke A, et al. Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with professional-collected nasal versus nasopharyngeal swab. European Respiratory Journal 2021;57(5). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

FIND 2021d {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Fujirebio Inc. Espline SARS-CoV-2 - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021e {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Joysbio (Tianjin) Biotechnology Co., Ltd. SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Test Kit (Colloidal Gold) - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021f {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Mologic Ltd, COVID 19 RAPID ANTIGEN TEST - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021g {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of NADAL COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021h {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Boditech Medical, Inc. iChroma COVID-19 Ag Test - External Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021i {published data only}

1. FIND. FIND Evaluation of Guangzhou Wondfo Biotech Co., Ltd Wondfo 2019-nCoV Antigen Test (Lateral Flow Method) Public Report. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.

FIND 2021j {published data only}

1. Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND). FIND Evaluation of Shenzhen Bioeasy Biotechnology Co. Ltd.2019-nCoV Ag Rapid Test Kit (Fluorescence) External Report. Vol. Version 1.0. Switzerland: FIND, 2021.
1. Krüger LJ, Gaeddert M, Köppel L, Brümmer LE, Gottschalk C, Miranda IB, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy, ease of use and limit of detection of novel, rapid, antigen-detecting point-of-care diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Fourati 2020 [A] {published data only}

1. Fourati S, Audureau E, Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM. Évaluation de la performance diagnostique des tests rapides d’orientation diagnostique antigéniques COVID-19. France: AP-HP Hopitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 2020.

Fourati 2020 [B] {published data only}

1. Fourati S, Audureau E, Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM. Évaluation de la performance diagnostique des tests rapides d’orientation diagnostique antigéniques COVID-19. France: AP-HP Hopitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 2020.

Fourati 2020 [C] {published data only}

1. Fourati S, Audureau E, Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM. Évaluation de la performance diagnostique des tests rapides d’orientation diagnostique antigéniques COVID-19. France: AP-HP Hopitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 2020.

Fourati 2020 [D] {published data only}

1. Fourati S, Audureau E, Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM. Évaluation de la performance diagnostique des tests rapides d’orientation diagnostique antigéniques COVID-19. France: AP-HP Hopitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 2020.

Fourati 2020 [E] {published data only}

1. Fourati S, Audureau E, Chevaliez S, Pawlotsky JM. Évaluation de la performance diagnostique des tests rapides d’orientation diagnostique antigéniques COVID-19. France: AP-HP Hopitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 2020.

Garcia‐Finana 2021 {published data only}

1. Garcia-Finana M, Hughes DM, Cheyne CP, Burnside G, Stockbridge M, Fowler TA, et al. Performance of the Innova SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid lateral flow test in the Liverpool asymptomatic testing pilot: population based cohort study. BMJ 2021;374:n1637. - PMC - PubMed

Gomez 2021(a) {published data only}

1. Gomez Marti JL, Gribschaw J, McCullough M, Mallon A, Acero J, Kinzler A, et al. Differences in detected viral loads guide use of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection assays towards symptomatic college students and children. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Gomez 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Gomez Marti JL, Gribschaw J, McCullough M, Mallon A, Acero J, Kinzler A, et al. Differences in detected viral loads guide use of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection assays towards symptomatic college students and children. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Gonzalez‐Donapetry 2021 {published data only}

1. Gonzalez-Donapetry P, Garcia-Clemente P, Bloise I, Garcia-Sanchez C, Sanchez Castellano MA, Romero MP, et al. Think of the children: evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in pediatric population. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 2021;40(5):385-8. - PubMed

Gremmels 2021(a) {published data only}

1. Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, et al. Real-life validation of the Panbio COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, et al. Real-life validation of the PanbioTM COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection. EClinicalMedicine 2021;31:100677. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Gremmels 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, et al. Real-life validation of the PanbioTM COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection. EClinicalMedicine 2020;31:100677. - PMC - PubMed
1. Gremmels H, Winkel BM, Schuurman R, Rosingh A, Rigter NA, Rodriguez O, et al. Real-life validation of the PanbioTM COVID-19 antigen rapid test (Abbott) in community-dwelling subjects with symptoms of potential SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020:10.1101/2020.10.16.20214189. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Gupta 2020 {published data only}

1. Gupta A, Khurana S, Das R, Srigyan D, Singh A, Mittal A, et al. Rapid chromatographic immunoassay-based evaluation of COVID-19: a cross-sectional, diagnostic test accuracy study & its implications for COVID-19 management in India. Indian Journal of Medical Research 2020 Oct 31 [Epub ahead of print]:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_3305_20. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Halfon 2021 {published data only}

1. Halfon P, Penaranda G, Khiri H, Garcia V, Drouet H, Philibert P, et al. An optimized stepwise algorithm combining rapid antigen and RT-qPCR for screening of COVID-19 patients. medRxiv[Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Houston 2021 {published data only}

1. Houston H, Gupta-Wright A, Toke-Bjolgerud E, Biggin-Lamming J, John L. Diagnostic accuracy and utility of SARS-CoV-2 antigen lateral flow assays in medical admissions with possible COVID-19. Journal of Hospital Infection 2021;110:203-5. - PMC - PubMed
1. Houston H, Gupta-Wright A, Toke-Bjolgerud E, Biggin-Lamming J, John L. Diagnostic accuracy and utility of SARS-CoV-2 antigen lateral flow assays in medical admissions with possible COVID-19. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Huh 2021 {published data only}

1. Huh HJ, Chae SL, Kim D-M. Comparison and analysis of various complementary diagnosis methods for the current situation and problems of COVID-19 diagnosis. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Igloi 2021 {published data only}

1. Igloi Z, Velzing J, Van Beek J, Van de Vijver D, Aron G, Ensing R, et al. Clinical evaluation of Roche SD Biosensor Rapid Antigen Test for SARS-CoV-2 in municipal health service testing site, the Netherlands. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021;27(5):1323-9. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Igloi Z, Velzing J, Van Beek J, Van de Vijver D, Aron G, Ensing R, et al. Clinical evaluation of the Roche/SD Biosensor rapid antigen test with symptomatic, non-hospitalized patients in a municipal health service drive-through testing site. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Ishii 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Ishii T, Sasaki M, Yamada K, Kato D, Osuka H, Aoki K, et al. Immunochromatography and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for COVID-19 diagnosis. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2021;27(6):915-8. - PMC - PubMed

Ishii 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Ishii T, Sasaki M, Yamada K, Kato D, Osuka H, Aoki K et al. Immunochromatography and chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for COVID-19 diagnosis. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2021;27(6):915-8. - PMC - PubMed

Jaaskelainen 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Jaaskelainen AE, Ahava MJ, Jokela P, Szirovicza L, Pohjala S, Vapalahti O, et al. Evaluation of three rapid lateral flow antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104785. - PMC - PubMed

Jaaskelainen 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Jaaskelainen AE, Ahava MJ, Jokela P, Szirovicza L, Pohjala S, Vapalahti O, et al. Evaluation of three rapid lateral flow antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104785. - PMC - PubMed

Jaaskelainen 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Jaaskelainen AE, Ahava MJ, Jokela P, Szirovicza L, Pohjala S, Vapalahti O, et al. Evaluation of three rapid lateral flow antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104785. - PMC - PubMed

Jakobsen 2021 {published data only}

1. Jakobsen KK, Jensen JS, Todsen T, Lippert F, Martel CJ-M, Klokker M, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by rapid antigen test in comparison with RT-PCR in a public setting. medRxiv[Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]
1. Jakobsen KK, Jensen JS, Todsen T, Tolsaard MG, Kirkby N, Lippert F, et al. Accuracy and cost description of rapid antigen test compared with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Danish Medical Journal 2021;68(7):A03210217. - PubMed

James 2021 {published data only}

1. James AE, Gulley T, Kothari A, Holder K, Garner K, Patil N. Performance of the BinaxNOW coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Antigen Card test relative to the severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay among symptomatic and asymptomatic healthcare employees. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 2021:1-3. - PMC - PubMed

Kerneis 2021 {published data only}

1. Kernéis S, Elie C, Fourgeaud J, Choupeaux L, Delarue SM, Alby M-L, et al. Accuracy of antigen and nucleic acid amplification testing on saliva and naopharyngeal samples for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ambulatory care. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Kilic 2021 {published data only}

1. Kilic A, Hiestand B, Palavecino E. Evaluation of performance of the BD Veritor SARS-CoV-2 chromatographic immunoassay test in patients with symptoms of COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(5). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kohmer 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Kohmer N, Toptan T, Pallas C, Karaca O, Pfeiffer A, Westhaus S, et al. The comparative clinical performance of four SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests and their correlation to infectivity in vitro. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):328. - PMC - PubMed

Kohmer 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Kohmer N, Toptan T, Pallas C, Karaca O, Pfeiffer A, Westhaus S, et al. The comparative clinical performance of four SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests and their correlation to infectivity in vitro. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):328. - PMC - PubMed

Kohmer 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Kohmer N, Toptan T, Pallas C, Karaca O, Pfeiffer A, Westhaus S, et al. The comparative clinical performance of four SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests and their correlation to infectivity in vitro. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):328. - PMC - PubMed

Kohmer 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Kohmer N, Toptan T, Pallas C, Karaca O, Pfeiffer A, Westhaus S, et al. The comparative clinical performance of four SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen tests and their correlation to infectivity in vitro. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(2):328. - PMC - PubMed

Kriemler 2021 {published data only}

1. Kriemler S, Ulyte A, Ammann P, Peralta GP, Berger C, Puhan MA, et al. Surveillance of acute SARS-CoV-2 infections in school children and point-prevalence during a time of high community transmission in Switzerland. Frontiers in Pediatrics 2021;9:159. - PMC - PubMed

Kruger 2021 {published data only}

1. Krüger LJ, Klein JA, Tobian F, Gaeddert M, Lainati F, Klemm S, et al. Evaluation of accuracy, exclusivity, limit-of-detection and ease-of-use of LumiraDx - Antigen-detecting point-of-care device for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kruttgen 2021 {published data only}

1. Kruttgen A, Cornelissen CG, Dreher M, Hornef MW, Imohl M, Kleines M. Comparison of the SARS-CoV-2 Rapid antigen test to the real star Sars-CoV-2 RT PCR kit. Journal of Virological Methods 2021;288:114024. - PMC - PubMed

L'Huillier 2021 {published data only}

1. L'Huillier AG, Lacour M, Sadiku D, Gadiri MA, De Siebenthal L, Schibler M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen detection testing in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in the clinical setting. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(9):e0099121. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lambert‐Niclot 2020 {published data only}

1. Lambert-Niclot S, Cuffel A, Le Pape S, Vauloup-Fellous C, Morand-Joubert L, Roque-Afonso AM, et al. Evaluation of a rapid diagnostic assay for detection of SARS CoV-2 antigen in nasopharyngeal swab. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(8):e00977-20. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lanser 2021 {published data only}

1. Lanser L, Bellmann-Weiler R, Ottl KW, Huber L, Griesmacher A, Theurl I, et al. Evaluating the clinical utility and sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in relation to RT-PCR Ct values. Infection 2021;49(3):555-7. - PMC - PubMed

Linares 2020 {published data only}

1. Linares M, Pérez-Tanoira R, Carrero A, Romanyk J, Pérez-García F, Gómez-Herruz P, et al. Panbio antigen rapid test is reliable to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first 7 days after the onset of symptoms. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;133:104659. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Linares M, Pérez TR, Romanyk J, Pérez García F, Gómez-Herruz P, Arroyo T, et al. Panbio antigen rapid test is reliable to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection in the first 7 days after the onset of symptoms. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lindner 2021a [A] {published data only}

1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Kausch F, Wintel M, Hommes F, Gertler M, et al. Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with self-collected nasal swab versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab. European Respiratory Journal 2021;57(4):2003961. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Kausch F, Wintel M, Gertler M, et al. SARS-CoV-2 patient self-testing with an antigen-detecting rapid test: a head-to-head comparison with professional testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Lindner 2021a [B] {published data only}

1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Kausch F, Wintel M, Hommes F, Gertler M, et al. Head-to-head comparison of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test with self-collected nasal swab versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab. European Respiratory Journal 2021;57(4):2003961. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lindner 2021b [A] {published data only}

1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Kausch F, Wintel M, Gertler M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of patient self-testing with a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;141:104874. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lindner 2021b [B] {published data only}

1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Kausch F, Wintel M, Gertler M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of patient self-testing with a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;141:104874. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lindner 2021b [C] {published data only}

1. Lindner AK, Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Kausch F, Wintel M, Gertler M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy and feasibility of patient self-testing with a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;141:104874. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Liotti 2021 {published data only}

1. Liotti FM, Menchinelli G, Lalle E, Palucci I, Marchetti S, Colavita F, et al. Performance of a novel diagnostic assay for rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection in nasopharynx samples. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(3):487-8. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Love 2021 {published data only}

1. Love NK, Ready D, Turner C, Yardley L, Rubin GJ, Hopkins S, et al. The acceptability of testing contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases using serial, self-administered lateral flow devices as an alternative to self-isolation. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Masia 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Masiá M, Fernández-González M, Sánchez M, Carvajal M, García JA, Gonzalo-Jiménez N, et al. Nasopharyngeal Panbio COVID-19 Antigen performed at point-of-care has a high sensitivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with higher risk for transmission and older age. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021;8(3):ofab059. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Masia M, Fernandez-Gonzalez M, Sanchez M, Carvajal M, Garcia JA, Gonzalo N, et al. Nasopharyngeal Panbio COVID-19 antigen performed at point-of-care has a high sensitivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with higher risk for transmission and older age. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Masia 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Masiá M, Fernández-González M, Sánchez M, Carvajal M, García JA, Gonzalo-Jiménez N, et al. Nasopharyngeal Panbio COVID-19 Antigen performed at point-of-care has a high sensitivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with higher risk for transmission and older age. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021;8(3):ofab059. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Masia 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Masiá M, Fernández-González M, Sánchez M, Carvajal M, García JA, Gonzalo-Jiménez N, et al. Nasopharyngeal Panbio COVID-19 Antigen performed at point-of-care has a high sensitivity in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with higher risk for transmission and older age. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021;8(3):ofab059. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Merino 2021 {published data only}

1. Merino-Amador P, Guinea J, Muñoz-Gallego I, González-Donapetry P, Galán J-C, Antona N, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 Rapid Antigen-Detection Test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
1. Merino P, Guinea J, Muñoz-Gallego I, González-Donapetry P, Galán JC, Antona N, et al. Multicenter evaluation of the Panbio™ COVID-19 rapid antigen-detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(5):758-61. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Mertens 2020 {published data only}

1. Mertens P, De Vos N, Martiny D, Jassoy C, Mirazimi A, Cuypers L, et al. Development and potential usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip Diagnostic Assay in a pandemic context. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) 2020;7:225. - PMC - PubMed
1. Mertens P, De Vos N, Martiny D, Jassoy C, Mirazimi A, Cuypers L, et al. Development and potential usefulness of the COVID-19 Ag Respi-Strip diagnostic assay in a pandemic context. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Miyakawa 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Miyakawa K, Funabashi R, Yamaoka Y, Jeremiah SS, Katada J, Wada A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test enhanced with silver amplification technology. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Miyakawa 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Miyakawa K, Funabashi R, Yamaoka Y, Jeremiah SS, Katada J, Wada A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test enhanced with silver amplification technology. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Miyakawa 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Miyakawa K, Funabashi R, Yamaoka Y, Jeremiah SS, Katada J, Wada A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test enhanced with silver amplification technology. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Miyakawa 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Miyakawa K, Funabashi R, Yamaoka Y, Jeremiah SS, Katada J, Wada A, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test enhanced with silver amplification technology. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Mockel 2021(a) {published data only}

1. Mockel M, Corman VM, Stegemann MS, Hofmann J, Stein A, Jones TC, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid immunoassay for diagnosis of COVID-19 in the emergency department. Biomarkers 2021;26(3):213-20. - PMC - PubMed

Mockel 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Mockel M, Corman VM, Stegemann MS, Hofmann J, Stein A, Jones TC, et al. SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid immunoassay for diagnosis of COVID-19 in the emergency department. Biomarkers 2021;26(3):213-20. - PMC - PubMed

Nagura‐Ikeda 2020 {published data only}

1. Nagura-Ikeda M, Imai K, Tabata S, Miyoshi K, Murahara N, Mizuno T, et al. Clinical evaluation of self-collected saliva by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR), direct RT-qPCR, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification, and a rapid antigen test to diagnose COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;58(9):e01438-20. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Nalumansi 2020 {published data only}

1. Nalumansi A, Lutalo T, Kayiwa J, Watera C, Balinandi S, Kiconco J, et al. Field evaluation of the performance of a SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test in Uganda using nasopharyngeal samples. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020 Oct 30 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Nash 2020 {published data only}

1. Nash B, Badea A, Reddy A, Bosch M, Salcedo N, Gomez AR, et al. The impact of high frequency rapid viral antigen screening on COVID-19 spread and outcomes: a validation and modeling study. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Ngo Nsoga 2021 {published data only}

1. Ngo Nsoga MT, Kronig I, Perez RF J, Sattonnet-Roche P, Da Silva D, Helbling J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Panbio rapid antigen tests on oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2021;16(6). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Ngo Nsoga MT, Kronig I, Perez Rodriguez FJ, Sattonnet-Roche P, Da Silva D, Helbling J, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of Panbio™ rapid antigen tests on oropharyngeal swabs for detection of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Nikolai 2021(a) [A] {published data only}

1. Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Tobian F, Junge A, Corman VM, Jones TC, et al. Anterior nasal versus nasal mid-turbinate sampling for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test: does localisation or professional collection matter? medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Nikolai 2021(a) [B] {published data only}

1. Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Tobian F, Junge A, Corman VM, Jones TC, et al. Anterior nasal versus nasal mid-turbinate sampling for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test: does localisation or professional collection matter? medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Nikolai 2021(b) [A] {published data only}

1. Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Tobian F, Junge A, Corman VM, Jones TC, et al. Anterior nasal versus nasal mid-turbinate sampling for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test: does localisation or professional collection matter? medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Nikolai 2021(b) [B] {published data only}

1. Nikolai O, Rohardt C, Tobian F, Junge A, Corman VM, Jones TC, et al. Anterior nasal versus nasal mid-turbinate sampling for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid test: does localisation or professional collection matter? medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Okoye 2021 {published data only}

1. Okoye NC, Barker AP, Curtis K, Orlandi RR, Snavely EA, Wright C, et al. Performance characteristics of BinaxNOW COVID-19 Antigen Card for screening asymptomatic individuals in a university setting. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(4):e03282-20. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Olearo 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Olearo F, Nörz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedl K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104782. - PMC - PubMed
1. Olearo F, Noerz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedel K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Olearo 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Olearo F, Nörz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedl K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104782. - PMC - PubMed
1. Olearo F, Noerz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedel K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Olearo 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Olearo F, Nörz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedl K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104782. - PMC - PubMed
1. Olearo F, Noerz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedel K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Olearo 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Olearo F, Nörz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedl K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104782. - PMC - PubMed
1. Olearo F, Noerz D, Heinrich F, Sutter JP, Roedel K, Schultze A, et al. Handling and accuracy of four rapid antigen tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 compared to RT-qPCR. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.05.20244673] - PMC - PubMed

Osterman 2021(a) [A] {published data only}

1. Osterman A, Baldauf HM, Eletreby M, Wettengel JM, Afridi SQ, Fuchs T, et al. Evaluation of two rapid antigen tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2021;210(1):65-72. - PMC - PubMed

Osterman 2021(a) [B] {published data only}

1. Osterman A, Baldauf HM, Eletreby M, Wettengel JM, Afridi SQ, Fuchs T, et al. Evaluation of two rapid antigen tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2021;210(1):65-72. - PMC - PubMed

Osterman 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Osterman A, Baldauf HM, Eletreby M, Wettengel JM, Afridi SQ, Fuchs T, et al. Evaluation of two rapid antigen tests to detect SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2021;210(1):65-72. - PMC - PubMed

Parada‐Ricart 2020 {published data only}

1. Parada-Ricart E, Gomez-Bertomeu F, Pico-Plana E, Olona-Cabases M. Usefulness of the antigen for diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with and without symptoms. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pena 2021 {published data only}

1. Pena M, Ampuero M, Garces C, Gaggero A, Garcia P, Velasquez MS, et al. Performance of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test compared with real-time RT-PCR in asymptomatic individuals. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;107:201-4. - PMC - PubMed

Pena‐Rodriguez 2021 {published data only}

1. Pena-Rodriguez M, Viera-Segura O, Garcia-Chagollan M, Zepeda-Nuno JS, Munoz-Valle JF, Mora-Mora J, et al. Performance evaluation of a lateral flow assay for nasopharyngeal antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis 2021;35(5):e23745. - PMC - PubMed

Perez‐Garcia 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Perez-Garcia F, Romanyk J, Gomez-Herruz P, Arroyo T, Perez-Tanoira R, Linares M, et al. Diagnostic performance of CerTest and Panbio antigen rapid diagnostic tests to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104781. - PMC - PubMed

Perez‐Garcia 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Perez-Garcia F, Romanyk J, Gomez-Herruz P, Arroyo T, Perez-Tanoira R, Linares M, et al. Diagnostic performance of CerTest and Panbio antigen rapid diagnostic tests to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104781. - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(a) [A] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Peto T. COVID-19: rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation for mass-testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Public Health England (PHE). Preliminary report from the Joint PHE Porton Down & University of Oxford SARS-CoV-2 test development and validation cell: rapid evaluation of lateral flow viral antigen detection devices (LFDs) for mass community testing. Public Health England, 2020.

Peto 2021(a) [B] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [EMBASE: httpa://doi,org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(a) [C] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(a) [D] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(a) [E] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(a) [F] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(a) [G] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al, . COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(b) [non‐HCW tested] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Public Health England (PHE). Preliminary report from the Joint PHE Porton Down & University of Oxford SARS-CoV-2 test development and validation cell: rapid evaluation of lateral flow viral antigen detection devices (LFDs) for mass community testing. Public Health England, 2020.

Peto 2021(c) [A ‐ HCW tested] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. - PMC - PubMed
1. Public Health England (PHE). Preliminary report from the Joint PHE Porton Down & University of Oxford SARS-CoV-2 test development and validation cell: rapid evaluation of lateral flow viral antigen detection devices (LFDs) for mass community testing. Public Health England, 2020.

Peto 2021(c) [A ‐ Lab tested] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Public Health England (PHE). Preliminary report from the Joint PHE Porton Down & University of Oxford SARS-CoV-2 test development and validation cell: rapid evaluation of lateral flow viral antigen detection devices (LFDs) for mass community testing. Public Health England, 2020.

Peto 2021(c) [B ‐ Lab tested] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(c) [C ‐ Lab tested] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(c) [D ‐ Lab tested] {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: a national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Peto 2021(d) {published data only}

1. Peto T, Affron D, Afrough B, Agasu A, Ainsworth M, Allanson A, et al. COVID-19: Rapid antigen detection for SARS-CoV-2 by lateral flow assay: A national systematic evaluation of sensitivity and specificity for mass-testing. EClinicalMedicine 2021;36:10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100924. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Public Health England (PHE). Preliminary report from the Joint PHE Porton Down & University of Oxford SARS-CoV-2 test development and validation cell: rapid evaluation of lateral flow viral antigen detection devices (LFDs) for mass community testing. Public Health England, 2020.

PHE 2020 {published data only}

1. Public Health England (PHE). Preliminary report from the Joint PHE Porton Down & University of Oxford SARS-CoV-2 test development and validation cell: rapid evaluation of lateral flow viral antigen detection devices (LFDs) for mass community testing. Public Health England, 2020.

Pickering 2021(a) [A] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(a) [B] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(a) [C] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(a) [D] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(a) [E] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(a) [F] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(b) [A] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(b) [B] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(b) [C] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(c) [A] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pickering 2021(c) [B] {published data only}

1. Pickering S, Batra R, Snell LB, Merrick B, Nebbia G, Douthwaite S, et al. Comparative performance of SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen tests demonstrates their utility for high sensitivity detection of infectious virus in clinical specimens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021:10.1101/2021.02.27.21252427. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pilarowski 2020a {published data only}

1. Pilarowski G, Marquez C, Rubio L, Peng J, Martinez J, Black D, et al. Field performance and public health response using the BinaxNOW TM Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay during community-based testing. Clinical Infectious Disease 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pilarowski 2021 {published data only}

1. Pilarowski G, Lebel P, Sunshine S, Liu J, Crawford E, Marquez C, et al. Performance characteristics of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;23(7):1139-44. [EMBASE: https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa802] - PMC - PubMed
1. Pilarowski G, Lebel P, Sunshine S, Liu J, Crawford E, Marquez C, et al. Performance characteristics of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay at a public plaza testing site in San Francisco. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [EMBASE: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.02.20223891] - PMC - PubMed

Pollock 2021a {published data only}

1. Pollock NR, Jacobs JR, Tran K, Cranston AE, Smith S, O'Kane CY, et al. Performance and implementation evaluation of the Abbott BinaxNOW Rapid Antigen Test in a high-throughput drive-through community testing site in Massachusetts. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(5):e00083-21. - PMC - PubMed
1. Pollock NR, Tran K, Jacobs JR, Cranston AE, Smith S, O’Kane CY, et al. Performance and operational evaluation of the Access Bio CareStart Rapid Antigen Test in a high-throughput drive-through community testing site in Massachusetts. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pollock 2021b {published data only}

1. Pollock NR, Tran K, Jacobs JR, Cranston AE, Smith S, O'Kane CY, et al. Performance and operational evaluation of the Access Bio CareStart Rapid Antigen Test in a high-throughput drive-through community testing site in Massachusetts. Open Forum Infectious Diseases 2021;8(7):ofab243. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Porte 2020 {published data only}

1. Porte L, Legarraga P, Vollrath V, Aguilera X, Munita JM, Araos R, et al. Evaluation of novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;99:328-33. - PMC - PubMed
1. Porte L, Legarraga P, Vollrath V, Aguilera X, Munita JM, Araos R, et al. Evaluation of novel antigen-based rapid detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples. SSRN [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Porte 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Porte L, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Vollrath V, Pizarro G, Munita J et al. Evaluation of two fluorescence immunoassays for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-new tool to detect infective COVID-19 patients. Peer J 2021;9:e10801. [DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10801] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Porte L, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Vollrath V, Pizarro G, Munita JM, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection by immunofluorescence – a new tool to detect infectivity. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Porte 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Porte L, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Vollrath V, Pizarro G, Munita J, et al. Evaluation of two fluorescence immunoassays for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-new tool to detect infective COVID-19 patients. PeerJ 2021;9:e10801. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Porte L, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Vollrath V, Pizarro G, Munita JM, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection by immunofluorescence – a new tool to detect infectivity. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Pray 2021 {published data only}

1. Pray IW, Ford L, Cole D, Lee C, Bigouette JP, Abedi GR, et al. Performance of an antigen-based test for asymptomatic and symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 testing at two university campuses - Wisconsin, September-October 2020. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2021;69(5152):1642-7. - PMC - PubMed

Prince‐Guerra 2021 {published data only}

1. Prince-Guerra JL, Almendares O, Nolen LD, Gunn JKL, Dale AP, Buono SA, et al. Evaluation of Abbott BinaxNOW Rapid Antigen Test for SARS-CoV-2 Infection at two community-based testing sites - Pima County, Arizona, November 3-17, 2020. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 2021;70(3):100-5. - PMC - PubMed

Ristic 2021 {published data only}

1. Ristic M, Nikolic N, Cabarkapa V, Turkulov V, Petrovic V. Validation of the STANDARD Q COVID-19 antigen test in Vojvodina, Serbia. PLoS One 2021;16(2):e0247606. - PMC - PubMed

Rottenstreich 2021 {published data only}

1. Rottenstreich A, Zarbiv G, Kabiri D, Porat S, Sompolinsky Y, Reubinoff B, et al. Rapid antigen detection testing for universal screening for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in women admitted for delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 2021;224(5):539-40. - PMC - PubMed

Saeed 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Saeed U, Uppal SR, Piracha ZZ, Rasheed A, Aftab Z, Zaheer H, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based rapid diagnostic kits in Pakistan: formulation of COVID-19 national testing strategy. Virology Journal 2021;18(1):34. - PMC - PubMed

Saeed 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Saeed U, Uppal SR, Piracha ZZ, Rasheed A, Aftab Z, Zaheer, H et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based rapid diagnostic kits in Pakistan: formulation of COVID-19 national testing strategy. Virology Journal 2021;18(1):34. - PMC - PubMed

Salvagno 2021 {published data only}

1. Salvagno GL, Gianfilippi G, Bragantini D, Henry BM, Lippi G. Clinical assessment of the Roche SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test. Diagnosis (Berl) 2021;8(3):322-6. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Schildgen 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Schildgen V, Demuth S, Lüsebrink J, Schildgen O. Limits and opportunities of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid tests: an experienced-based perspective. Pathogens 2021;10(1):38. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Schildgen V, Demuth S, Lüsebrink J, Schildgen O. Limits and opportunities of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid tests – an experience based perspective. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schildgen 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Schildgen V, Demuth S, Lüsebrink J, Schildgen O. Limits and opportunities of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid tests: an experienced-based perspective. Pathogens 2021;10(1):38. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schildgen 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Schildgen V, Demuth S, Lüsebrink J, Schildgen O. Limits and opportunities of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid tests: an experienced-based perspective. Pathogens 2021;10(1):38. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schuit 2021(a) {published data only}

1. Schuit E, Veldhuijzen I, Venekamp R, Van den Bijllaardt W, Pas S, Lodder E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in pre-/asymptomatic close contacts of individuals with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schuit 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Schuit E, Veldhuijzen I, Venekamp R, den Bijllaardt W, Pas S, Lodder E, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen tests in pre-/asymptomatic close contacts of individuals with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schwob 2020(a) {published data only}

1. Schwob JM, Miauton A, Petrovic D, Perdrix J, Senn N, Jaton K, et al. Antigen rapid tests, nasopharyngeal PCR and saliva PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2: a prospective comparative clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schwob 2020(b) {published data only}

1. Schwob JM, Miauton A, Petrovic D, Perdrix J, Senn N, Jaton K, et al. Antigen rapid tests, nasopharyngeal PCR and saliva PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2: a prospective comparative clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Schwob 2020(c) {published data only}

1. Schwob JM, Miauton A, Petrovic D, Perdrix J, Senn N, Jaton K, et al. Antigen rapid tests, nasopharyngeal PCR and saliva PCR to detect SARS-CoV-2: a prospective comparative clinical trial. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [EMBASE: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.11.23.20237057] - PMC - PubMed

Scohy 2020 {published data only}

1. Scohy A, Anantharajah A, Bodeus M, Kabamba-Mukadi B, Verroken A, Rodriguez-Villalobos H. Low performance of rapid antigen detection test as frontline testing for COVID-19 diagnosis. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104455. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Shidlovskaya 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Shidlovskaya EV, Kuznetsova NA, Divisenko EV, Nikiforova MA, Siniavin AE, Ogarkova DA, et al. The value of rapid antigen tests to identify carriers of viable SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Shidlovskaya 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Shidlovskaya EV, Kuznetsova NA, Divisenko EV, Nikiforova MA, Siniavin AE, Ogarkova DA, et al. The value of rapid antigen tests to identify carriers of viable. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Shrestha 2020 {published data only}

1. Shrestha B, Neupane AK, Pant S, Shrestha A, Bastola A. Sensitivity and specificity of lateral flow antigen test kits for COVID-19 in asymptomatic population of quarantine centre of Province 3. Kathmandu University Medical Journal 2020;18(70):36-9. - PubMed

Smith 2021 {published data only}

1. Smith RL, Gibson LL, Martinez PP, Ke R, Mirza A, Conte M, et al. Longitudinal assessment of diagnostic test performance over the course of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;224(6):976-82. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Smith RL, Gibson LL, Martinez PP, Ke R, Mirza A, Conte M, et al. Longitudinal assessment of diagnostic test performance over the course of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Stohr 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Stohr JJ, Zwart VF, Goderski G, Meijer A, Nagel-Imming CR, Kluytmans-van den Bergh MF, et al. Self-testing for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection with rapid antigen tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021;40(8):1721-6. [EMBASE: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.21.21252153] - PMC - PubMed

Stohr 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Stohr JJ, Zwart VF, Goderski G, Meijer A, Nagel-Imming CR, Kluytmans-van den Bergh MF, et al. Self-testing for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection with rapid antigen tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021;40(8):1721-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Stokes 2021(a) [A] {published data only}

1. Stokes W, Berenger BM, Portnoy D, Scott B, Szelewicki J, Singh T, et al. Clinical performance of the Abbott Panbio with nasopharyngeal, throat, and saliva swabs among symptomatic individuals with COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2021;40(8):1721-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Stokes 2021(a) [B] {published data only}

1. Stokes W, Berenger BM, Portnoy D, Scott B, Szelewicki J, Singh T, et al. Clinical performance of the Abbott Panbio with nasopharyngeal, throat, and saliva swabs among symptomatic individuals with COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Disease 2021;40(8):1721-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Stokes 2021(a) [C] {published data only}

1. Stokes W, Berenger BM, Portnoy D, Scott B, Szelewicki J, Singh T, et al. Clinical performance of the Abbott Panbio with nasopharyngeal, throat, and saliva swabs among symptomatic individuals with COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2021;40(8):1721-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Stokes 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Stokes W, Berenger BM, Portnoy D, Scott B, Szelewicki J, Singh T, et al. Clinical performance of the Abbott Panbio with nasopharyngeal, throat, and saliva swabs among symptomatic individuals with COVID-19. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases 2021;40(8):1721-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Stromer 2020 {published data only}

1. Stromer A, Rose R, Schafer M, Schon F, Vollersen A, Lorentz T, et al. Performance of a point-of-care test for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Microorganisms 2020;9(1):58. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Takeda 2020 {published data only}

1. Takeda Y, Mori M, Omi K. SARS-CoV-2 qRT-PCR Ct value distribution in Japan and possible utility of rapid antigen testing kit. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Takeuchi 2021a {published data only}

1. Takeuchi Y, Akashi Y, Kato D, Kuwahara M, Muramatsu S, Ueda A, et al. The evaluation of a newly developed antigen test (QuickNavi™-COVID19 Ag) for SARS-CoV-2: a prospective observational study in Japan. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2021;27(6):890-4. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Takeuchi Y, Akashi Y, Kato D, Kuwahara M, Muramatsu S, Ueda A, et al. The evaluation of a newly developed antigen test (QuickNaviTM-COVID19 Ag) for SARS-CoV-2: A prospective observational study in Japan. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [EMBASE: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.27.20248876] - PMC - PubMed

Takeuchi 2021b {published data only}

1. Takeuchi Y, Akashi Y, Kato D, Kuwahara M, Muramatsu S, Ueda A, et al. Diagnostic performance and characteristics of anterior nasal collection for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen test: a prospective study. Scientific Reports 2021;11(1):10519. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Takeuchi Y, Akashi Y, Kato D, Kuwahara M, Muramatsu S, Ueda A, et al. Diagnostic performance and characteristics of anterior nasal collection for the SARS-CoV-2 antigen test: a prospective study in Japan. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Thommes 2021 [A] {published data only}

1. Thommes L, Burkert FR, Ottl KW, Goldin D, Loacker L, Lanser L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;105:144-6. - PMC - PubMed

Thommes 2021 [B] {published data only}

1. Thommes L, Burkert FR, Ottl KW, Goldin D, Loacker L, Lanser L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;105:144-6. - PMC - PubMed

Thommes 2021 [C] {published data only}

1. Thommes L, Burkert FR, Ottl KW, Goldin D, Loacker L, Lanser L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;105:144-6. - PMC - PubMed

Thommes 2021 [D] {published data only}

1. Thommes L, Burkert FR, Ottl KW, Goldin D, Loacker L, Lanser L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests in hospitalized patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;105:144-6. - PMC - PubMed

Toptan 2021(a) {published data only}

1. Toptan T, Eckermann L, Pfeiffer AE, Hoehl S, Ciesek S, Drosten C, et al. Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: potential to help reduce community spread? Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;135:104713. - PMC - PubMed

Toptan 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Toptan T, Eckermann L, Pfeiffer AE, Hoehl S, Ciesek S, Drosten C, et al. Evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: potential to help reduce community spread? Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;135:104713. - PMC - PubMed

Torres 2021a {published data only}

1. Torres I, Poujois S, Albert E, Colomina J, Navarro D. Evaluation of a rapid antigen test (Panbio COVID-19 Ag rapid test device) for SARS-CoV-2 detection in asymptomatic close contacts of COVID-19 patients. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2021;27(4):636 e1-4. - PMC - PubMed
1. Torres I, Poujois S, Albert E, Colomina J, Navarro D. Real-life evaluation of a rapid antigen test (Panbio COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test Device) for SARS-CoV-2 detection in asymptomatic close contacts of COVID-19 patients. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Torres 2021b {published data only}

1. Torres I, Poujois S, Albert E, Álvarez G, Colomina J, Navarro D. Point-of-care evaluation of a rapid antigen test (CLINITEST® Rapid COVID-19 Antigen Test) for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. - PMC - PubMed
1. Torres I, Poujois S, Albert E, Alvarez G, Colomina J, Navarro D. Point-of-care evaluation of a rapid antigen test (CLINITEST® Rapid COVID-19 Antigen Test) for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Journal of Infection 2021;82(5):e11-2. - PMC - PubMed

Turcato 2021 {published data only}

1. Turcato G, Zaboli A, Pfeifer N, Ciccariello L, Sibilio S, Tezza G, et al. Clinical application of a rapid antigen test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients evaluated in the emergency department: a preliminary report. Journal of Infection 2021;82(3):e14-6. - PMC - PubMed

Van der Moeren 2021(a) [A] {published data only}

1. Van der Moeren N, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Van den Bijllaardt W, Van Esch H, Stohr J, et al. Evaluation of the test accuracy of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in symptomatic community dwelling individuals in the Netherlands. PLoS One 2021;16(5). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Van der Moeren N, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Van den Bijllaardt W, Van Esch HR, Stohr JJ, et al. Performance evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: test performance in the community in the Netherlands. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Van der Moeren 2021(a) [B] {published data only}

1. Van der Moeren N, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Van den Bijllaardt W, Van Esch H, Stohr J, et al. Evaluation of the test accuracy of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in symptomatic community dwelling individuals in the Netherlands. PLoS One 2021;16(5). [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Van der Moeren N, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Van den Bijllaardt W, Van Esch HR, Stohr JJ, et al. Performance evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: test performance in the community in the Netherlands. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Van der Moeren 2021(b) {published data only}

1. Van der Moeren N, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Van den Bijllaardt W, Van Esch H, Stohr J, et al. Evaluation of the test accuracy of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in symptomatic community dwelling individuals in the Netherlands. PLoS One 2021;16(5):e0250886. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Van der Moeren N, Zwart VF, Lodder EB, Van den Bijllaardt W, Van Esch HR, Stohr JJ, et al. Performance evaluation of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: test performance in the community in the Netherlands. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Veyrenche 2021 {published data only}

1. Veyrenche N, Bolloré K, Pisoni A, Bedin AS, Mondain AM, Ducos J, et al. Diagnosis value of SARS-CoV-2 antigen/antibody combined testing using rapid diagnostic tests at hospital admission. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(5):3069-76. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Veyrenche N, Bollore K, Pisoni A, Bedin A-S, Mondain A-M, Ducos J, et al. Diagnosis value of SARS-CoV-2 antigen/antibody combined testing using rapid diagnostic tests at hospital admission. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Villaverde 2021 {published data only}

1. Villaverde S, Dominguez-Rodriguez S, Sabrido G, Perez-Jorge C, Plata M, Romero MP, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of the Panbio severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen rapid test compared with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction testing of nasopharyngeal samples in the pediatric population. Journal of Pediatrics 2021;232:287-289 e4. - PMC - PubMed

Weitzel 2020 [A] {published data only}

1. Weitzel T, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Pizarro G, Vollrath V, Araos R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of four antigen-based rapid detection tests for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in respiratory samples. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Weitzel T, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Pizarro G, Vollrath V, Porte L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection tests using universal transport medium. Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases 2020 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Weitzel 2020 [B] {published data only}

1. Weitzel T, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Pizarro G, Vollrath V, Porte L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection tests using universal transport medium. Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases 2020 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Weitzel 2020 [C] {published data only}

1. Weitzel T, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Pizarro G, Vollrath V, Porte L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection tests using universal transport medium. Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases 2020 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Weitzel 2020 [D] {published data only}

1. Weitzel T, Legarraga P, Iruretagoyena M, Pizarro G, Vollrath V, Porte L, et al. Comparative evaluation of four rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection tests using universal transport medium. Travel Medicine and Infectious Diseases 2020 Dec 2 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Winkel 2020 {published data only}

1. Winkel BM, Schram E, Gremmels H, Debast SB, Schuurman R, Wensing AM, et al. Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic individuals using the Panbio COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test (Abbott) compared to RT-qPCR. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.12.03.20243311] - PMC - PubMed

Yokota 2020(a) {published data only}

1. Yokota I, Sakurazawa T, Sugita J, Iwasaki S, Yasuda K, Yamashita N, et al. Performance of qualitative and quantitative antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 in early symptomatic patients using saliva. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Yokota 2020(b) {published data only}

1. Yokota I, Sakurazawa T, Sugita J, Iwasaki S, Yasuda K, Yamashita N, et al. Performance of qualitative and quantitative antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 in early symptomatic patients using saliva. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Young 2020 {published data only}

1. Young S, Taylor S, Cammarata C, Roger-Dalbert C, Montano A, Griego-Fullbright C, et al. Clinical evaluation of BD Veritor SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test performance compared to PCR-based testing and versus the Sofia 2 SARS Antigen point-of-care test. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Young S, Taylor SN, Cammarata CL, Varnado KG, Roger-Dalbert C, Montano A, et al. Clinical evaluation of BD Veritor SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care test performance compared to PCR-based testing and versus the Sofia 2 SARS Antigen point-of-care test. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020;59(1):e02338-20. [DOI: 10.1128/JCM.02338-20] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Young 2021 {published data only}

1. Young BC, Eyre DW, Jeffery K. Use of lateral flow devices allows rapid triage of patients with SARS-CoV-2 on admission to hospital. Journal of Infection 2021;82(6):276-316. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ahava 2021 {published data only}

1. Ahava MJ, Kurkela S, Kuivanen S, Lappalainen M, Jarva H, Jääskeläinen AJ. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen from serum can aid in timing of COVID-19 infection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Aoki 2020 {published data only}

1. Aoki K, Nagasawa T, Ishii Y, Yagi S, Okuma S, Kashiwagi K, et al. Clinical validation of quantitative SARS-CoV-2 antigen assays to estimate SARS-CoV-2 viral loads in nasopharyngeal swabs. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2020;27(4):613-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Bello‐Chavolla 2021 {published data only}

1. Bello-Chavolla OY, Antonio-Villa NE, Fernandez-Chirino L, Guerra C, Fermin-Martinez CA, Marquez-Salinas A, et al. Diagnostic performance and clinical implications of rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in Mexico using real-world nationwide COVID-19 registry data. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Chen 2021 {published data only}

1. Chen Y, Roma G, Liu F, Lee L. Quantitative and ultrasensitive in-situ immunoassay technology for SARS-CoV-2 detection in saliva. Research Square [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Corman 2020 {published data only}

1. Corman VM, Haage VC, Bleicker T, Schmidt ML, Muehlemann B, Zuchowski M, et al. Comparison of seven commercial SARS-CoV-2 rapid point-of-care antigen tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Cubas‐Atienzar 2021 {published data only}

1. Cubas-Atienzar AI, Kontogianni K, Edwards T, Wooding D, Buist K, Thompson CR, et al. Limit of detection in different matrices of nineteen commercially available rapid antigen tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Dalal 2021 {published data only}

1. Dalal A, Sonika U, Kumar M, George R, Kumar A, Srivastava S, et al. COVID-19 rapid antigen test: role in screening prior to gastrointestinal endoscopy. Clinical Endoscopy 2021;54(4):522-5. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Diao 2020 {published data only}

1. Diao B, Wen K, Chen J, Liu Y, Yuan Z, Han C, et al. Diagnosis of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection by detection of nucleocapsid protein. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
1. Diao B, Wen K, Zhang J, Chen J, Han C, Chen Y, et al. Accuracy of a nucleocapsid protein antigen rapid test in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020 Oct 5 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Dohla 2020 {published data only}

1. Dohla M, Boesecke C, Schulte B, Diegmann C, Sib E, Richter E, et al. Rapid point-of-care testing for SARS-CoV-2 in a community screening setting shows low sensitivity. Public Health 2020;182:170-2. - PMC - PubMed

Downs 2021 {published data only}

1. Downs LO, Eyre DW, O'Donnell D, Jeffery K. Home-based SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow antigen testing in hospital workers. Journal of Infection 2021;82(2):282-327. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Eshghifar 2021 {published data only}

1. Eshghifar N, Busheri A, Shrestha R, Beqaj S. Evaluation of analytical performance of seven rapid antigen detection kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. International Journal of General Medicine 2021;14:435-40. - PMC - PubMed

Frnda 2021 {published data only}

1. Frnda J, Durica M. On pilot massive COVID-19 testing by antigen tests in Europe. Case study: Slovakia. Infectious Disease Reports 2021;13(1):45-57. - PMC - PubMed

Gili 2021 {published data only}

1. Gili A, Paggi R, Russo C, Cenci E, Pietrella D, Graziani A, et al. Evaluation of automated test Lumipulse® G SARS-CoV-2 antigen assay for detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (NP) in nasopharyngeal swabs for community and population screening. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;105:391-6. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Haage 2021a {published data only}

1. Haage V, Oliveira-Filho EF, Moreira-Soto A, Kühne A, Fischer C, Sacks J, et al. Impaired performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid tests at elevated temperatures. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Haage 2021b {published data only}

1. Haage VC, Moreira-Soto A, Sacks JA, Corman VM, Drosten C, Drexler JF. Limited specificity of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic tests at low temperatures. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Herrera 2020 {published data only}

1. Herrera V, Hsu V, Adewale A, Hendrix T, Johnson L, Kuhlman J, et al. Testing of healthcare workers exposed to COVID19 with rapid antigen detection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Hingrat 2020 {published data only}

1. Hingrat QL, Visseaux B, Laouenan C, Tubiana S, Bouadma L, Yazdanpanah Y, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 N-antigen in blood during acute COVID-19 provides a sensitive new marker and new testing alternatives. Clinical Microbiology and Infection 2020;27(5):789.e1-789.e5. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Hirotsu 2020 {published data only}

1. Hirotsu Y, Maejima M, Shibusawa M, Nagakubo Y, Hosaka K, Amemiya K, et al. Comparison of automated SARS-CoV-2 antigen test for COVID-19 infection with quantitative RT-PCR using 313 nasopharyngeal swabs, including from seven serially followed patients. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2020;99:397-402. - PMC - PubMed

Hirotsu 2021 {published data only}

1. Hirotsu Y, Maejima M, Shibusawa M, Amemiya K, Nagakubo Y, Hosaka K et al. Prospective study of 1,308 nasopharyngeal swabs from 1,033 patients using the LUMIPULSE SARS-CoV-2 antigen test: comparison with RT-qPCR. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;105:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.005] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Hledik 2020 {published data only}

1. Hledik M, Polechova J, Beiglboeck M, Herdina AN, Strassl R, Posch M. Analysis of the specificity of the SD Biosensor Standard Q Ag-Test based on Slovak mass testing data. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Hoehl 2020 {published data only}

1. Hoehl S, Schenk B, Rudych O, Goettig S, Foppa I, Kohmer N, et al. At-home self-testing of teachers with a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test to reduce potential transmissions in schools. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Kannian 2021 {published data only}

1. Kannian P, Lavanya C, Ravichandran K, Gita JB, Mahanathi P, Ashwini V, et al. SARS-CoV2 antigen in whole mouth fluid may be a reliable rapid detection tool. Oral Diseases 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Kannian P, Lavanya C, Ravichandran K, Jayaraman BG, Mahanathi P, Ashwini V, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV2 antigen in human saliva may be a reliable tool for large scale screening. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Kashiwagi 2020 {published data only}

1. Kashiwagi K, Ishii Y, Aoki K, Yagi S, Maeda T, Miyazaki T, et al. Immunochromatographic test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kobayashi 2021 {published data only}

1. Kobayashi R, Murai R, Asanuma K, Fujiya Y, Takahashi S. Evaluating a novel, highly sensitive, and quantitative reagent for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2021;27(6):800-7. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Koskinen 2021 {published data only}

1. Koskinen JM, Antikainen P, Hotakainen K, Haveri A, Ikonen N, Savolainen-Kopra C, et al. Clinical validation of automated and rapid mariPOC SARS-CoV-2 antigen test. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kotsiou 2021 {published data only}

1. Kotsiou OS, Pantazopoulos I, Papagiannis D, Fradelos EC, Kanellopoulos N, Siachpazidou D, et al. Repeated antigen-based rapid diagnostic testing for estimating the coronavirus disease 2019 prevalence from the perspective of the workers' vulnerability before and during the lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(4):1638. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kurstjens 2020 {published data only}

1. Kurstjens S, Van der Horst A, Herpers R, Geerits MW, Kluiters-de Hingh YC, Göttgens E-L, et al. Rapid identification of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients at the emergency department using routine testing. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020:1-21. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Kyosei 2020 {published data only}

1. Kyosei Y, Namba M, Yamura S, Takeuchi R, Aoki N, Nakaishi K, et al. Proposal of de novo antigen test for COVID-19: ultrasensitive detection of spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10(8):594. - PMC - PubMed

Lefever 2021 {published data only}

1. Lefever S, Indevuyst C, Cuypers L, Dewaele K, Yin N, Cotton F, et al. Comparison of the quantitative DiaSorin Liaison antigen test to RT-PCR for the diagnosis of COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic outpatients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(7):e0037421. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Le Hingrat 2020 {published data only}

1. Le Hingrat Q, Visseaux B, Laouenan C, Tubiana S, Bouadma L, Yazdanpanah Y, et al. SARS-CoV-2 N-antigenemia: a new alternative to nucleic acid amplification techniques. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Li 2021 {published data only}

1. Li J, Lillehoj PB. Microfluidic magneto immunosensor for rapid, high sensitivity measurements of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in serum. ACS Sensors 2021;6(3):1270-8. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Liu 2021 {published data only}

1. Liu D, Ju C, Han C, Shi R, Chen X, Duan D, et al. Nanozyme chemiluminescence paper test for rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 2021;173:112817. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Mahari 2020 {published data only}

1. Mahari S, Roberts A, Shahdeo D, Gandhi S. eCovSens-Ultrasensitive novel in-house built printed circuit board based electrochemical device for rapid detection of nCOVID-19 antigen, a spike protein domain 1 of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Mak 2020a {published data only}

1. Mak GC, Cheng PK, Lau SS, Wong KK, Lau CS, Lam ET, et al. Evaluation of rapid antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;129:104500. - PMC - PubMed

Mak 2020b {published data only}

1. Mak GC, Lau SS, Wong KK, Chow NL, Lau CS, Lam ET, et al. Analytical sensitivity and clinical sensitivity of the three rapid antigen detection kits for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;133:104684. - PMC - PubMed

Marzinotto 2020 {published data only}

1. Marzinotto S, Mio C, Cifu A, Verardo R, Pipan C, Schneider C, et al. A streamlined approach to rapidly detect SARS-CoV-2 infection, avoiding RNA extraction. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.06.20054114] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Mboumba 2021 {published data only}

1. Mboumba Bouassa R-S, Veyer D, Péré H, Bélec L. Analytical performances of the point-of-care SIENNATM COVID-19 Antigen Rapid Test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in nasopharyngeal swabs: a prospective evaluation during the COVID-19 second wave in France. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;106:8-12. - PMC - PubMed

McAulay 2020 {published data only}

1. McAulay K, Kaleta EJ, Grys TE. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen from serum in a hospitalized population. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

McDonald 2020 {published data only}

1. McDonald S, Courtney DM, Clark AE, Muthukumar A, Lee F, Balani J, et al. Diagnostic performance of a rapid point-of-care test for SARS-CoV-2 in an urban emergency department setting. Academic Emergency Medicine 2020;27(8):764-6. - PMC - PubMed

Menchinelli 2021 {published data only}

1. Menchinelli G, Bordi L, Liotti FM, Palucci I, Capobianchi MR, Sberna G, et al. Lumipulse G SARS-CoV-2 Ag assay evaluation using clinical samples from different testing groups. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 2021;59(8):1468-76. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Mohamed 2021 {published data only}

1. Mohamed RA, Junaideen SM. Issues of random sampling with rapid antigen tests for COVID-19 diagnosis: a special reference to Kalmunai RDHS Division. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Moreno 2021 {published data only}

1. Moreno GK, Braun KM, Pray IW, Seagaloff HE, Lim A, Poulsen K, et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in intercollegiate athletics not fully mitigated with daily antigen testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed
1. Moreno GK, Braun KM, Pray IW, Segaloff HE, Lim A, Poulsen K et al. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in intercollegiate athletics not fully mitigated with daily antigen testing. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73 (Suppl 1):S45-S53. - PMC - PubMed

Nachtigall 2020 {published data only}

1. Nachtigall FM, Pereira A, Trofymchuk OS, Santos LS. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasal swabs using MALDI-MS. Nature Biotechnology 2020;38(10):1168-73. - PubMed

Ogawa 2020 {published data only}

1. Ogawa T, Fukumori T, Nishihara Y, Sekine T, Okuda N, Nishimura T, et al. Another false-positive problem for a SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in Japan. Journal of Clinical Virology 2020;131:104612. - PMC - PubMed

Pavelka 2020 {published data only}

1. Pavelka M, Van Zandvoort K, Abbott S, Sherratt K, Majdan M, Jarcuska P, et al, CMMID COVID-19 Working Group. The effectiveness of population-wide, rapid antigen test based screening in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence in Slovakia. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]

Pekosz 2021 {published data only}

1. Pekosz A, Cooper C, Parvu V, Li M, Andrews J, Manabe YCC, et al. Antigen-based testing but not real-time PCR correlates with SARS-CoV-2 virus culture. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ]
1. Pekosz A, Parvu V, Li M, Andrews JC, Manabe YC, Kodsi S et al. Antigen-based testing but not real-time polymerase chain reaction correlates with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 viral culture. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73(9):e2861-e2866. - PMC - PubMed

Pellanda 2020 {published data only}

1. Pellanda LC, Wendland EM, McBride AJ, Tovo-Rodrigues L, Ferreira MR, Dellagostin OA, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of a rapid test for assessment of exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a community-based setting in Brazil. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093476] - DOI

Peng 2020 {published data only}

1. Peng T, Liu X, Adams LG, Agarwal G, Akey B, Cirillo J, et al. Enhancing sensitivity of lateral flow assay with application to SARS-CoV-2. Applied Physics Letters 2020;117(12):120601. - PMC - PubMed

Perchetti 2020 {published data only}

1. Perchetti GA, Huang ML, Mills MG, Jerome KR, Greninger AL. Analytical sensitivity of the Abbott BinaxNOW COVID-19 Ag CARD. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Pollock 2020a {published data only}

1. Pollock NR, Savage TJ, Wardell H, Lee R, Mathew A, M Stengelin, et al. Correlation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antigen and RNA concentrations in nasopharyngeal samples from children and adults using an ultrasensitive and quantitative antigen assay. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Rastawicki 2021 {published data only}

1. Rastawicki W, Gierczyński R, Juszczyk G, Mitura K, Henry BM. Evaluation of PCL rapid point of care antigen test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(4):1920-2. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Regev‐Yochay 2021 {published data only}

1. Regev-Yochay G, Kriger O, Beni S, Rubin C, Mina MJ, Mechnik B, et al. Real world performance of SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic tests in various clinical settings. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Ren 2021 {published data only}

1. Ren A, Sohaei D, Zacharioudakis I, Sigal GB, Stengelin M, Matthew A, et al. Ultrasensitive assay for saliva-based SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Rodriguez‐Manzano 2020 {published data only}

1. Rodriguez-Manzano J, Malpartida-Cardenas K, Moser N, Pennisi I, Cavuto M, Miglietta L, et al. A handheld point-of-care system for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in under 20 minutes. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Rusanen 2020 {published data only}

1. Rusanen J, Kareinen L, Szirovicza L, Ugurlu H, Levanov L, Jaaskelainen AE, et al. A generic, scalable, and rapid TR-FRET -based assay for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Scheiblauer 2021 {published data only}

1. Scheiblauer H, Filomena A, Nitsche A, Puyskens A, Corman VM, Drosten C, et al. Comparative sensitivity evaluation for 122 CE-marked SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Seitz 2021 {published data only}

1. Seitz T, Schindler S, Winkelmeyer P, Zach B, Wenisch C, Zoufaly A, et al. Evaluation of rapid antigen tests based on saliva for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(7):4161-2. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Seo 2020 {published data only}

1. Seo G, Lee G, Kim MJ, Baek SH, Choi M, Ku KB, et al. Rapid detection of COVID-19 causative virus (SARS-CoV-2) in human nasopharyngeal swab specimens using field-effect transistor-based biosensor. ACS Nano (American Chemical Society) 2020;14(4):5135-42. - PubMed

Singh 2020a {published data only}

1. Singh NK, Ray P, Carlin AF, Magallanes C, Morgan SC, Laurent LC, et al. Hitting the diagnostic sweet spot: point-of-care SARS-CoV-2 salivary antigen testing with an off-the-shelf glucometer. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Singh 2020b {published data only}

1. Singh P, Chakraborty R, Marwal R, Radhakrishan VS, Bhaskar AK, Vashisht H, et al. A rapid and sensitive method to detect SARS-CoV-2 virus using targeted-mass spectrometry. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Wang 2020 {published data only}

1. Wang D, He S, Wang X, Yan Y, Liu J, Wu S, et al. Rapid lateral flow immunoassay for the fluorescence detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Nature Biomedical Engineering 2020;4:1150-8. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Wu 2020 {published data only}

1. Wu T, Ge Y, Zhao K, Zhu X, Chen Y, Wu B, et al. A reverse-transcription recombinase-aided amplification assay for the rapid detection of N gene of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). Virology 2020;549:1-4. - PMC - PubMed

Yamamoto 2021 {published data only}

1. Yamamoto K, Suzuki M, Yamada G, Sudo T, Nomoto H, Kinoshita N, et al. Utility of the antigen test for coronavirus disease 2019: Factors influencing the prediction of the possibility of disease transmission. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;104:65-72. - PMC - PubMed

Yamayoshi 2020 {published data only}

1. Yamayoshi S, Sakai-Tagawa Y, Koga M, Akasaka O, Nakachi I, Koh H, et al. Comparison of rapid antigen tests for COVID-19. Viruses 2020;12(12):1420. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Yokota 2021 {published data only}

1. Yokota I, Shane PY, Teshima T. Logistic advantage of two-step screening strategy for SARS-CoV-2 at airport quarantine. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Yu 2020 {published data only}

1. Yu S, Nimse SB, Kim J, Song KS, Kim T. Development of a lateral flow strip membrane assay for rapid and sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2. Analytical Chemistry 2020;92(20):14139-44. - PubMed

Zamecnik 2020 {published data only}

1. Zamecnik CR, Rajan JV, Yamauchi KA, Mann SA, Sowa GM, Zorn KC, et al. ReScan, a multiplex diagnostic pipeline, pans human sera for SARS-CoV-2 antigens. medRxiv [Preprint] 2020. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Zeng 2020 {published data only}

1. Zeng W, Liu G, Ma H, Zhao D, Yang Y, Liu M, et al. Biochemical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2020;527(3):618-23. - PMC - PubMed

Zhang 2020 {published data only}

1. Zhang C, Zhou L, Du K, Zhang Y, Wang J, Chen L, et al. Foundation and clinical evaluation of a new method for detecting SARS-CoV-2 antigen by fluorescent microsphere immunochromatography. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology 2020;10:553837. - PMC - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Abdul‐Mumin 2021 {published data only}

1. Abdul-Mumin A, Abubakari A, Agbozo F, Abdul-Karim A, Demah N, Mumuni K, et al. Field evaluation of specificity and sensitivity of a standard SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test: a prospective study at a teaching hospital in Northern Ghana. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Abusrewil 2021 {published data only}

1. Abusrewil Z, Alhudiri IM, Kaal H, Edin El Meshri S, Ebrahim FO, Dalyoum T, et al. Time scale performance of rapid antigen testing for SARS-COV-2: evaluation of ten rapid antigen assays. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Akashi 2021 {published data only}

1. Akashi Y, Kiyasu Y, Takeuchi Y, Kato D, Kuwahara M, Muramatsu S, et al. Evaluation and clinical implications of the time to a positive results of antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Amer 2021 {published data only}

1. Amer RM, Samir M, Gaber OA, El-Deeb NA, Abdelmoaty AA, Ahmed AA, et al. Diagnostic performance of rapid antigen test for COVID-19 and the effect of viral load, sampling time, subject's clinical and laboratory parameters on test accuracy. Journal of Infection Public Health 2021;14(10):1446-53. - PMC - PubMed

Aranda‐Diaz 2021 {published data only}

1. Aranda-Diaz A, Imbert E, Strieff S, Graham-Squire D, Evans J, Moore J, et al. Implementation of rapid and frequent SARS-CoV2 antigen testing and response in congregate homeless shelters. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Baccani 2021 {published data only}

1. Baccani I, Morecchiato F, Chilleri C, Cervini C, Gori E, Matarrese D, et al. Evaluation of three immunoassays for the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 2021;101(2):115434. - PMC - PubMed

Bianco 2021 {published data only}

1. Bianco G, Boattini M, Barbui AM, Scozzari G, Riccardini F, Coggiola M, et al. Evaluation of an antigen-based test for hospital point-of-care diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;139:104838. - PMC - PubMed

Blairon 2021 {published data only}

1. Blairon L, Cupaiolo R, Thomas I, Piteus S, Wilmet A, Beukinga I, et al. Efficacy comparison of three rapid antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2 and how viral load impact their performance. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(10):5783-8. - PMC - PubMed

Bonde 2021 {published data only}

1. Bonde J, Ejegod DM, Pedersen H, Smith B, Cortes D, Leding C, et al. Clinical validation of point-of-care SARS-COV-2 BD Veritor antigen test by a single throat swab for rapid COVID-19 status on hospital patients predominantly without overt COVID symptoms. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Boum 2021 {published data only}

1. Boum Y, Fai KN, Nikolay B, Mboringong AB, Bebell LM, Ndifon M, et al. Performance and operational feasibility of antigen and antibody rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Cameroon: a clinical, prospective, diagnostic accuracy study. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021;21(8):1089-96. - PMC - PubMed

Brihn 2021 {published data only}

1. Brihn A, Chang J, OYong K, Balter S, Terashita D, Rubin Z, et al. Diagnostic performance of an antigen test with RT-PCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a hospital setting - Los Angeles County, California, June-August 2020. MMWR Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report 2021;70(19):702-6. - PMC - PubMed

Bruins 2021 {published data only}

1. Bruins MJ, Oliveira dos Santos C, Spoelman-Lunsche M, Van den Bos-Kromhout MI, Debast SB. Evaluation of the PanbioTM rapid antigen test for COVID-19 diagnosis in symptomatic health care workers. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Bruzzone 2021 {published data only}

1. Bruzzone B, De Pace V, Caligiuri P, Ricucci V, Guarona G, Pennati BM, et al. Comparative diagnostic performance of rapid antigen detection tests for COVID-19 in a hospital setting. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;107:215-8. - PMC - PubMed

Caruana 2021 {published data only}

1. Caruana G, Lebrun LL, Aebischer O, Opota O, Urbano L, Rham M, et al. The dark side of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing: screening asymptomatic patients. New Microbes and New Infections 2021;42:100899. - PMC - PubMed

Cento 2021 {published data only}

1. Cento V, Renica S, Matarazzo E, Antonello M, Colagrossi L, Di Ruscio F, et al. Frontline screening for SARS-CoV-2 infection at emergency department admission by third generation rapid antigen test: can we spare RT-qPCR? Viruses 2021;13(5):818. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Chiu 2021 {published data only}

1. Chiu R, Kojima N, Mosley G, Cheng KK, Pereira D, Brobeck M, et al. Evaluation of the INDICAID COVID-19 Rapid Antigen Test in symptomatic populations and asymptomatic community testing. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Christensen 2021 {published data only}

1. Christensen K, Ren H, Chen S, Cooper CK, Young S. Clinical evaluation of BD VeritorTM SARS-CoV-2 and flu A+B assay for point-of-care (POC) system. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Di Domenico 2021 {published data only}

1. Di Domenico M, De Rosa A, Di Gaudio F, Internicola P, Bettini C, Salzano N, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a new antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 detection. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2021;18(12):6310. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Dierks 2021 {published data only}

1. Dierks S, Bader O, Schwanbeck J, Gross U, Weig MS, Mese K, et al. Diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 with antigen testing, transcription-mediated amplification and real-time PCR. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(11):2404. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Diez Flecha 2021 {published data only}

1. Diez Flecha C, Rivero Rodriguez AM, Fernandez-Villa T, Fernandez Garcia P, Ferreira de Jesus JL, Sanchez Antolin G, et al. Internal validity of a rapid test for COVID-19 antigens in a nursing home. Semergen 2021;47(5):332-6. - PMC - PubMed

Eleftheriou 2021 {published data only}

1. Eleftheriou I, Dasoula F, Dimopoulou D, Lebessi E, Serafi E, Spyridis N, et al. Real-life evaluation of a COVID-19 rapid antigen detection test in hospitalized children. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(10):6040-4. - PMC - PubMed

Fernandez 2021 {published data only}

1. Fernandez MD, Estevez AS, Alfonsin FL, Arevalo GB. Usefulness of the Lumiradx SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in nursing home. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica (English Edition) 2021. [DOI: ]

Fernandez‐Montero 2021 {published data only}

1. Fernandez-Montero A, Argemi J, Rodríguez JA, Ariño AH, Moreno-Galarraga L. Validation of a rapid antigen test as a screening tool for SARS-CoV-2 infection in asymptomatic populations. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values. eClinicalMedicine 2021:100954. - PMC - PubMed

Ferte 2021 {published data only}

1. Ferte T, Ramel V, Cazanave C, Lafon ME, Bebear C, Malvy D, et al. Accuracy of COVID-19 rapid antigenic tests compared to RT-PCR in a student population: The StudyCov study. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;141:104878. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Fiedler 2021 {published data only}

1. Fiedler M, Holtkamp C, Dittmer U, Anastasiou OE. Performance of the LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Assay vs. SARS-CoV-2-RT-PCR. Pathogens 2021;10(6):658. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Ford 2021 {published data only}

1. Ford L, Lee C, Pray IW, Cole D, Bigouette JP, Abedi GR, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antigen-based test results, real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) cycle threshold values, subgenomic RNA, and viral culture results from university testing. Clinical Infectious Disease 2021;73(6):e1348-55. - PMC - PubMed

Frediani 2021 {published data only}

1. Frediani JK, Levy JM, Rao A, Bassit L, Figueroa J, Vos MB, et al. Multidisciplinary assessment of the Abbott BinaxNOW SARS-CoV-2 point-of-care antigen test in the context of emerging viral variants and self-administration. Scientific Reports 2021;11(1):14604. - PMC - PubMed

Gitaka 2021 {published data only}

1. Gitaka J, Muthamia E, Mbugua S, Mungai M, Bandawe G, Qadri F, et al. Assessment of performance and implementation characteristics of rapid point of care SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing in Kenya. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Hagbom 2021 {published data only}

1. Hagbom M, Carmona-Vicente N, Sharma S, Olsson H, Jamtberg M, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson A, et al. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen diagnostic tests for saliva samples. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Harmon 2021 {published data only}

1. Harmon K, St Maurice AM, Brady AC, Swaminathan S, Aukerman DF, Rueda MA, et al. Surveillance testing for SARS-COV-2 infection in an asymptomatic athlete population: a prospective cohort study with 123 362 tests and 23 463 paired RT-PCR/antigen samples. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine 2021;7(2):e001137. - PMC - PubMed

Harris 2021 {published data only}

1. Harris DT, Badowski M, Jernigan B, Sprissler R, Edwards T, Cohen R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing of symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals on the University of Arizona campus. Biomedicines 2021;9(5):539. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Holzner 2021 {published data only}

1. Holzner C, Pabst D, Anastasiou OE, Dittmer U, Manegold RK, Risse J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: fast-safe or dangerous? An analysis in the emergency department of an university hospital. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(9):5323-7. - PMC - PubMed

Homza 2021 {published data only}

1. Homza M, Zelena H, Janosek J, Tomaskova H, Jezo E, Kloudova A, et al. Five antigen tests for SARS-CoV-2: virus viability matters. Viruses 2021;13(4):684. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Homza 2021a {published data only}

1. Homza M, Zelena H, Janosek J, Tomaskova H, Jezo E, Kloudova A, et al. COVID-19 antigen testing: better than we know? A test accuracy study. Infectious Diseases (London) 2021;53(9):661-8. - PMC - PubMed

Kanji 2021 {published data only}

1. Kanji JN, Proctor DT, Stokes W, Berenger BM, Silvius J, Tipples G, et al. Multicentre postimplementation assessment of the positive-predictive value of SARS-CoV-2 antigen-based point-of-care tests used for asymptomatic screening of continuing care staff. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2021;59(11):e0141121. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kenyeres 2021 {published data only}

1. Kenyeres B, Ánosi N, Bányai K, Mátyus M, Orosz L, Kiss A, et al. Comparison of four PCR and two point of care assays used in the laboratory detection of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Virology Methods 2021:114165. - PMC - PubMed

Kim 2021 {published data only}

1. Kim D, Lee J, Bal J, Seo SK, Chong CK, Lee JH, et al. Development and clinical evaluation of an immunochromatography-based rapid antigen test (GenBody™ COVAG025) for COVID-19 diagnosis. Viruses 2021;13(5):796. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kiro 2021 {published data only}

1. Kiro VV, Gupta A, Singh P, Sharad N, Khurana S, Prakash S, et al. Evaluation of COVID-19 antigen fluorescence immunoassay test for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases 2021;13(2):91-3. - PMC - PubMed

Kiyasu 2021 {published data only}

1. Kiyasu Y, Takeuchi Y, Akashi Y, Kato D, Kuwahara M, Muramatsu S, et al. Prospective analytical performance evaluation of the QuickNavi-COVID19 Ag for asymptomatic individuals. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Klein 2021 {published data only}

1. Klein JA, Kruger LJ, Tobian F, Gaeddert M, Lainati F, Schnitzler P, et al. Head-to-head performance comparison of self-collected nasal versus professional-collected nasopharyngeal swab for a WHO-listed SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 2021;210(4):181-6. - PMC - PubMed

Koeleman 2021 {published data only}

1. Koeleman JG, Brand H, Man SJ, Ong DS. Clinical evaluation of rapid point-of-care antigen tests for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Disease 2021;40(9):1975-81. - PMC - PubMed

Kolwijck 2021 {published data only}

1. Kolwijck E, Brouwers-Boers M, Broertjes J, Van Heeswijk K, Runderkamp N, Meijer A, et al. Validation and implementation of the Panbio COVID-19 Ag rapid test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in symptomatic hospital healthcare workers. Infection Prevention in Practice 2021;3(2):100142. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Korenkov 2021 {published data only}

1. Korenkov M, Poopalasingam N, Madler M, Vanshylla K, Eggeling R, Wirtz M, et al. Reliable assessment of in vitro SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by a rapid antigen detection test. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ]

Kritikos 2021 {published data only}

1. Kritikos A, Caruana G, Brouillet R, Miroz JP, Abed-Maillard S, Stieger G, et al. Sensitivity of rapid antigen testing and RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs versus saliva samples in COVID-19 hospitalized patients: results of a prospective comparative trial (RESTART). medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kumar 2021a {published data only}

1. Kumar A, Kunjukutty R, Thaha A, Srikumar S, Madhusoodanan H, David S, et al. Universal screening for SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women using a combination of antigen and RT-PCR testing. Le Infezioni in Medicina 2021;29(2):294-6. - PubMed

Kumar 2021b {published data only}

1. Kumar KK, Sampritha UC, Maganty V, Prakash AA, Basumatary J, Adappa K, et al. Pre-operative SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: a conundrum in surgical decision making. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 2021;69(6):1560-2. - PMC - PubMed

Kurihara 2021 {published data only}

1. Kurihara Y, Kiyasu Y, Akashi Y, Takeuchi Y, Narahara K, Mori S, et al. The evaluation of a novel digital immunochromatographic assay with silver amplification to detect SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Kweon 2021 {published data only}

1. Kweon OJ, Lim YK, Kim HR, Choi Y, Kim MC, Choi SH, et al. Evaluation of rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen tests, AFIAS COVID-19 Ag and ichroma COVID-19 Ag, with serial nasopharyngeal specimens from COVID-19 patients. PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0249972. - PMC - PubMed

Landaas 2021 {published data only}

1. Landaas ET, Storm ML, Tollånes MC, Barlinn R, Kran AB, Bragstad K, et al. Diagnostic performance of a SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in a large, Norwegian cohort. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;137:104789. - PMC - PubMed

Lee 2021 {published data only}

1. Lee J, Kim SY, Huh HJ, Kim N, Sung H, Lee H, et al. Clinical performance of the STANDARD Q COVID-19 rapid antigen test and simulation of its real-world application in Korea. Annals of Laboratory Medicine 2021;41(6):588-92. - PMC - PubMed

Le Goff 2021 {published data only}

1. Le Goff J, Kerneis S, Elie C, Mercier D, Gastli N, Choupeaux L, et al. Evaluation of saliva molecular point of care for detection of SARS-CoV-2 in ambulatory care. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Leixner 2021 {published data only}

1. Leixner G, Voill-Glaninger A, Bonner E, Kreil A, Zadnikar R, Viveiros A. Evaluation of the AMP SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test in a hospital setting. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021;108:353-6. - PMC - PubMed

Lindner 2021 {published data only}

1. Lindner AK, KruÌˆger LJ, Nikolai O, Klein JAF, RoÌˆssig H, Schnitzler P, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern B.1.1.7: diagnostic accuracy of three antigen-detecting rapid tests. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Lv 2021 {published data only}

1. Lv Y, Ma Y, Si Y, Zhu X, Zhang L, Feng H, et al. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection potentiates early diagnosis of COVID-19 disease. Bioscience Trends 2021;15(2):93-9. - PubMed

Mack 2021 {published data only}

1. Mack CD, Osterholm M, Wasserman EB, Petruski-Ivleva N, Anderson DJ, Myers E, et al. Optimizing SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in the United States: insights from the national football league occupational health program. Annals of Internal Medicine 2021;174(8):1081-9. - PMC - PubMed

Matsuda 2021 {published data only}

1. Matsuda EM, Campos IB, Oliveira IP, Colpas DR, Carmo A, Brigido LF. Field evaluation of COVID-19 antigen tests versus RNA based detection: potential lower sensitivity compensated by immediate results, technical simplicity, and low cost. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(7):4405-10. - PMC - PubMed

McKay 2021 {published data only}

1. McKay SL, Tobolowsky FA, Moritz ED, Hatfield KM, Bhatnagar A, LaVoie SP, et al. Performance evaluation of serial SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing during a nursing home outbreak. Annals of Internal Medicine 2021;174(7):945-51. - PMC - PubMed

Muhi 2021 {published data only}

1. Muhi S, Tayler N, Hoang T, Ballard SA, Graham M, Rojek A, et al. Multi-site assessment of rapid, point-of-care antigen testing for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a low-prevalence setting: a validation and implementation study. Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific 2021;9:100115. - PMC - PubMed

Nordgren 2021 {published data only}

1. Nordgren J, Sharma S, Olsson H, Jamtberg M, Falkeborn T, Svensson L, et al. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen test: high sensitivity to detect infectious virus. Journal of Clinical Virology 2021;140:104846. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Norizuki 2021 {published data only}

1. Norizuki M, Hachiya M, Motohashi A, Moriya A, Mezaki K, Kimura M, et al. Effective screening strategies for detection of asymptomatic COVID-19 travelers at airport quarantine stations: Exploratory findings in Japan. Global Health Medicine 2021;3(2):107-11. - PMC - PubMed

Oh 2021 {published data only}

1. Oh SM, Jeong H, Chang E, Choe PG, Kang CK, Park WB, et al. Clinical application of the STANDARD Q COVID-19 Ag test for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Journal of Korean Medical Science 2021;36(14):e101. - PMC - PubMed

Orsi 2021 {published data only}

1. Orsi A, Pennati BM, Bruzzone B, Ricucci V, Ferone D, Barbera P, et al. On-field evaluation of a ultra-rapid fluorescence immunoassay as a frontline test for SARS-COV-2 diagnostic. Journal of Virology Methods 2021;295:114201. - PMC - PubMed

Osmanodja 2021 {published data only}

1. Osmanodja B, Budde K, Zickler D, Naik MG, Hofmann J, Gertler M, et al. Accuracy of a novel SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detecting rapid diagnostic test from standardized self-collected anterior nasal swabs. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(10):2099. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Perez‐Garcia 2021 {published data only}

1. Perez-Garcia F, Romanyk J, Moya Gutierrez H, Labrador Ballestero A, Perez Ranz I, Gonzalez Arroyo J, et al. Comparative evaluation of Panbio and SD Biosensor antigen rapid diagnostic tests for COVID-19 diagnosis. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(9):5650-4. - PMC - PubMed

Qahtani 2021 {published data only}

1. Qahtani MA, Yang CWT, Lazosky L, Li X, D'Cruz J, Romney MG, et al. SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing for departing passengers at Vancouver International Airport. Journal of Travel Medicine 2021;28(7):10.1093/jtm/taab085. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Revollo 2021 {published data only}

1. Revollo B, Blanco I, Soler P, Toro J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Puig J, et al. Same-day SARS-CoV-2 antigen test screening in an indoor mass-gathering live music event: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2021;21(10):1365-72. - PMC - PubMed

Reza 2021 {published data only}

1. Reza S, Corentin D, Te-Din H, Pierre B, Stéphanie E, Isaline W, et al. Rapid COVID-19 antigenic tests: usefulness of a modified method for diagnosis. Journal of Medical Virology 2021;93(9):5655-9. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Seynaeve 2021 {published data only}

1. Seynaeve Y, Heylen J, Fontaine C, Maclot F, Meex C, Diep AN, et al. Evaluation of two rapid antigenic tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in nasopharyngeal swabs. Journal of Clinical Medicine 2021;10(13):2774. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Shah 2021 {published data only}

1. Shah MM, Salvatore PP, Ford L, Kamitani E, Whaley MJ, Mitchell K, et al. Performance of repeat BinaxNOW severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antigen testing in a community setting, Wisconsin, November 2020-December 2020. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2021;73 Suppl 1:S54-7. - PMC - PubMed

Shaikh 2021 {published data only}

1. Shaikh N, Friedlander EJ, Tate PJ, Liu H, Chang CH, Wells A, et al. Performance of a rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection assay in symptomatic children. Pediatrics 2021;148(3):e2021050832. [DOI: ] - PubMed

Smith 2021a {published data only}

1. Smith RD, Johnson JK, Clay C, Girio-Herrera L, Stevens D, Abraham M, et al. Clinical evaluation of Sofia rapid antigen assay for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among emergency department to hospital admissions. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 2021 Jun 24 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.281] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Smits 2021 {published data only}

1. Smits F, Torensma B, Groenwold R, Hall ML, Van Burgel N, Jansen R, et al. The SARS-CoV-2 antigen test is not accurate enough. Huisarts en Wetenschap 2021:1-5. - PMC - PubMed

Sood 2021 {published data only}

1. Sood N, Shetgiri R, Rodriguez A, Jimenez D, Treminino S, Daflos, A et al. Evaluation of the Abbott BinaxNOW rapid antigen test for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: implications for screening in a school setting. PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0249710. - PMC - PubMed

Sterbenc 2021 {published data only}

1. Sterbenc A, Tomic V, Bidovec Stojkovic U, Vrankar K, Rozman A, Zidarn M. Usefulness of rapid antigen testing for SARS-CoV-2 screening of healthcare workers: a pilot study. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 2021 May 22 [Epub ahead of print]. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Suliman 2021 {published data only}

1. Suliman S, Matias WR, Fulcher IR, Molano FJ, Collins S, Uceta E, et al. Evaluation of the Access Bio CareStart rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in asymptomatic individuals tested at a community mass-testing program in Western Massachusetts. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Terpos 2021 {published data only}

1. Terpos E, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos I, Skvarč M. Clinical application of a new SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection kit (colloidal gold) in the detection of COVID-19. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021;11(6):995. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Thakur 2021 {published data only}

1. Thakur P, Saxena S, Manchanda V, Rana N, Goel R, Arora R. Utility of antigen-based rapid diagnostic test for detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in routine hospital settings. Laboratory Medicine 2021;52(6):e154-8. - PMC - PubMed

Thell 2021 {published data only}

1. Thell R, Kallab V, Weinhappel W, Mueckstein W, Heschl L, Heschl M, et al. Evaluation of a novel, rapid antigen detection test for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv [Preprint] 2021. [DOI: ] - PMC - PubMed

Trobajo‐Sanmartin 2021 {published data only}

1. Trobajo-Sanmartin C, Navascues A, Miqueleiz A, Ezpeleta C. Evaluation of the rapid antigen test CerTest SARS-CoV-2 as an alternative COVID-19 diagnosis technique. Infectious Diseases (London) 2021;53(9):730-2. - PubMed

Uwamino 2021 {published data only}

1. Uwamino Y, Nagata M, Aoki W, Nakagawa T, Inose R, Yokota H, et al. Accuracy of rapid antigen detection test for nasopharyngeal swab specimens and saliva samples in comparison with RT-PCR and viral culture for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy 2021;27(7):1058-62. - PMC - PubMed

Van Honacker 2021 {published data only}

1. Van Honacker E, Van Vaerenbergh K, Boel A, De Beenhouwer H, Leroux-Roels I, Cattoir L. Comparison of five SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen detection tests in a hospital setting and performance of one antigen assay in routine practice: a useful tool to guide isolation precautions? Journal of Hospital Infection 2021;114:144-52. - PMC - PubMed

Wagenhäuser 2021 {published data only}

1. Wagenhäuser I, Knies K, Rauschenberger V, Eisenmann M, McDonogh M, Petri N, et al. Clinical performance evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 rapid antigen testing in point of care usage in comparison to RT-qPCR. EBioMedicine 2021;69:103455. - PMC - PubMed

Yin 2021 {published data only}

1. Yin N, Debuysschere C, Decroly M, Bouazza FZ, Collot V, Martin C, et al. SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic tests: algorithm and field evaluation from the near patient testing to the automated diagnostic platform. Frontiers in Medicine (Lausanne) 2021;8:650581. - PMC - PubMed

Young 2021a {published data only}

1. Young BC, Eyre DW, Kendrick S, White C, Smith S, Beveridge G, et al. Daily testing for contacts of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection and attendance and SARS-CoV-2 transmission in English secondary schools and colleges: an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet 2021;398(10307):1217-29. - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

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[1] Abdelrazik AM, Elshafie SM, Abdelaziz HM. Potential respiratory specimens in low-resource settings in Egypt for symptomatic patients and high-risk contacts. Laboratory Medicine 2021;52(2):e46-9. - PMC - PubMed

[2] Abdelrazik AM, Elshafie SM, Abdelaziz HM. Potential respiratory specimens in low-resource settings in Egypt for symptomatic patients and high-risk contacts. Laboratory Medicine 2021;52(2):e46-9. - PMC - PubMed

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