Dietary regulation in health and disease

Abstract

Nutriments have been deemed to impact all physiopathologic processes. Recent evidences in molecular medicine and clinical trials have demonstrated that adequate nutrition treatments are the golden criterion for extending healthspan and delaying ageing in various species such as yeast, drosophila, rodent, primate and human. It emerges to develop the precision-nutrition therapeutics to slow age-related biological processes and treat diverse diseases. However, the nutritive advantages frequently diversify among individuals as well as organs and tissues, which brings challenges in this field. In this review, we summarize the different forms of dietary interventions extensively prescribed for healthspan improvement and disease treatment in pre-clinical or clinical. We discuss the nutrient-mediated mechanisms including metabolic regulators, nutritive metabolism pathways, epigenetic mechanisms and circadian clocks. Comparably, we describe diet-responsive effectors by which dietary interventions influence the endocrinic, immunological, microbial and neural states responsible for improving health and preventing multiple diseases in humans. Furthermore, we expatiate diverse patterns of dietotheroapies, including different fasting, calorie-restricted diet, ketogenic diet, high-fibre diet, plants-based diet, protein restriction diet or diet with specific reduction in amino acids or microelements, potentially affecting the health and morbid states. Altogether, we emphasize the profound nutritional therapy, and highlight the crosstalk among explored mechanisms and critical factors to develop individualized therapeutic approaches and predictors.

Fig. 1

Research history of dietary regulation. The advances in dietary regulation can be roughly divided into three stages. Stage I, dietary regulation discovery and initial characterizations of their effects on body function, including dietary interventions based on traditional eating habits, such as fasting, caloric restriction, high-fibre diet, fermented/probiotic diet, Mediterranean diet and protein restriction, some new dietary interventions, such as ketogenic diet, glucose and carbohydrate restriction, amino acid intervention and micronutrient intervention.^, Stage II, key molecular mechanisms of dietary interventions were identified, including mTORC1, AMPK, FOXOs and Sirtuins and NAD. To date, whether and how metabolic interventions interfere with these signalling pathways to function has been extensively studied. Stage III, dietary interventions have been being explored for their impact on the overall metabolic network of the body to develop precision-nutrition therapeutics

Fig. 2

Molecular and effector mechanisms of dietary intervention. Dietary intervention engages by alterable consumption of numerous nutrients, including carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, micronutrients, and metabolites. Nutrient signals under diverse dietary interventions lead to activation of multiple biochemical pathways. As a result, these pathways involve in downstream effectors like cytokines secretion, immunoregulation, gut microbiome homoeostasis, elimination of senescent cells, and neuromodulation

Fig. 3

Functionality of dietary interventions on human tissues under health and diverse disease states. Dietary interventions exert beneficial effects across varying aspects, including nervous system, cardiovascular system, respiratory system, metabolic system, renal system, endocrine system, and digestive system as well as cancer