ECG frequency changes in potassium disorders: a narrative review

Abstract

Nowadays, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes are one of the valuable diagnostic clues for recognizing abnormalities. Potassium is one of the essential electrolytes in cardiac cells, and its variations affect ECG. Potassium disorders, including hyperkalemia and hypokalemia in authoritarian states, may lead to heart dysfunctions and could be life-threatening, and urgent interventions are needed in this conditions. The current review summarizes studies to elucidate the correlation between potassium disorders and ECG demonstrations. In this review, we summarized ECG changes related to hyperkalemia and interventions. Moreover; animal studies on ECG changes related to hyper- and hypokalemia are provided. The studies showed peaked T wave, as well as expanded QRS complex and low P amplitude, are important changes that can guide us to immediate diagnosis. ECG Changes in severe hyperkalemia that can endanger patients' lives are noteworthy. Manifestations change in hyperkalemia, for correct diagnosis clinical history of the patients is essential.

Keywords: ECG; hyperkalemia; hypokalemia; potassium disorders.

Figure 1

Hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, and ECG changes. Progressive hyperkalemia may result in ECG changes, including peaked T wave, flattened P wave, prolonged PR interval, ST depression, and prolonged QRS duration. Besides, hypokalemia may associate with a peaked P wave, prolonged PR interval, prominent U wave, shallow T wave, and ST depression.