Decreasing pH impairs sexual reproduction in a Mediterranean coral transplanted at a CO2 vent

Abstract

Ocean acidification, due to the increase of carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration in the atmosphere and its absorption by the oceans, affects many aspects of marine calcifying organisms' biology, including reproduction. Most of the available studies on low pH effects on coral reproduction have been conducted on tropical species under controlled conditions, while little information is reported for either tropical or temperate species in the field. This study describes the influence of decreasing pH on sexual reproduction of the temperate non-zooxanthellate colonial scleractinian Astroides calycularis, transplanted in four sites along a natural pH gradient at the underwater volcanic crater of Panarea Island (Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy). The average pH values of each site (range: pH_TS 8.07-7.40) match different scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for the end of the century. After 3 months under experimental conditions, the reproductive parameters of both oocytes and spermaries (abundance, gonadal index, and diameters) seem to be unaffected by low pH. However, a delay in spermary development in the pre-fertilization period and a persistence of mature oocytes in the fertilization period were observed in the most acidic site. Furthermore, no embryos were found in colonies from the two most acidic sites, suggesting a delay or an interruption of the fertilization process due to acidified conditions. These findings suggest a negative effect of low pH on A. calycularis sexual reproduction. However, long-term experiments, including the synergistic impact of pH and temperature, are needed to predict if this species will be able to adapt to climate change over the next century.

Fig. 1

(a) Map of Aeolian Archipelago showing Panarea Island and Bottaro 1 (black star). The inset map shows the location of the Archipelago in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. (b) Picture of the underwater crater of Bottaro 1 with the CO₂ bubbling. (c) Picture of site 2 (mean pH_TS 7.87) showing transplanted A. calycularis colonies fixed with cable ties onto plastic grids.

Fig. 2

Oocyte size and spermary maturation stage distributions. (a) Distribution of oocyte size during the pre‐fertilization (blue line) and fertilization (red line) periods. n = number of polyps/oocytes. (b) Distribution of the five spermary maturation stages during the pre‐fertilization (blue histogram bars) and fertilization (red histogram bars) periods.

Fig. 3

Oocyte and spermary reproductive parameters. Boxplots of oocyte (a) and spermary (b) abundance, gonadal index, and diameter in the pre‐fertilization (blue) and fertilization (red) periods. The box indicates the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and the line within the box marks the median. Whisker length is equal to 1.5× interquartile range (IQR). Circles represent outliers.

Fig. 4

Embryos reproductive parameters. Boxplot of fertility, embryonal index, and embryo diameter in the fertilization period. The box indicates the 25^th and 75^th percentiles, and the line within the box marks the median. Whisker length is equal to 1.5× interquartile range (IQR). Circles represent outliers.