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. 2022 Sep;59(9):3440-3447.
doi: 10.1007/s13197-021-05331-x. Epub 2021 Dec 2.

Combination of in situ iodization and Haloferax spp. bacteria enrichment in salt crystallization process

Nilawati  1 , Rame  1 , Rizal Awaludin Malik  1 , Rustiana Yuliasni  1
Affiliations

Combination of in situ iodization and Haloferax spp. bacteria enrichment in salt crystallization process

Nilawati et al. J Food Sci Technol. 2022 Sep.

Abstract

Salts that meet the standard quality are enriched with micronutrients, such as potassium iodate, at least 30 ppm. The iodization can be carried out directly in crystallization ponds (in-situ iodization) in salt fields. This paper reports the effectiveness of in-situ iodization technology combined with the enrichment of Halophilic bacteria consortium and Haloferax spp. to produce bio-based NaCl salt. The brine was first crystallized under sunlight exposure for approximately five days with water temperatures of 32-39 °C and an average wind speed of 2.8-6.0 m/s in each pond with a dimension of 20 × 20 m. Following this, the performance of these bacteria was analyzed in terms of the resulting final concentration of KIO3 (ppm), NaCl concentration (v/v), and water content (v/v). Results showed that the treatment with in situ iodization and Haloferax spp. successfully produce better bio-based salt quality in terms of KIO3 level, NaCl purity, and water contents. Moreover, the method did not produce aqueous and solid wastes, unlike in the conventional salt industry. The optimum condition was found at 50 ppm of KIO3 with the addition of Haloferax spp. SEM analysis shows that the treatment using Haloferax spp. resulted in a larger rectangular and harder crystal salt than the controls.

Keywords: Haloferax spp.; In-situ iodization; KIO3; NaCl; Salt crystallization.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare no competing financial and conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Workflow of KIO3 iodization. (1) activation of Haloferax spp. and halophilic consortium in the laboratory, (2) enrichment of Haloferax spp. and halophilic consortium in enrichment ponds (salt fields brine of 220 Bé°), (3) iodization of KIO3 in the crystallization pool on brine 250 Bé°, and (4) salt crystals were formed after drying under the sunlight on brine of 290 Bé°
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Effect of KIO3 and bacteria added to the final salt products: a KIO3 concentration, b NaCl concentration, and c water content
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
SEM micrographs of resulting salts from different treatments. a control with halophilic, b control without the addition of KIO3, c Haloferax spp. with the addition of 50 ppm KIO3, d halophilic consortium with the addition of 60 ppm KIO3, and e conventional salt from the farmer in Pati, Central Java
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