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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Jan;61(1):20-32.
doi: 10.1177/10556656221116005. Epub 2022 Jul 25.

Sagittal Growth Restriction of the Midface Following Isolated Cleft Lip Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Karel-Bart Celie  1 , Jordan Wlodarczyk  2 , Priyanka Naidu  3 , Maria Fernanda Tapia  3 , Eric Nagengast  1 , Caroline Yao  1   3   4 , William Magee 3rd  1   2   3   4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Sagittal Growth Restriction of the Midface Following Isolated Cleft Lip Repair: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Karel-Bart Celie et al. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2024 Jan.

Abstract

Midface hypoplasia (MFH) is a long-term sequela of cleft lip and palate repair, and is poorly understood. No study has examined the aggregate data on sagittal growth restriction of the midface following repair of the lip, but not palate, in these patients.

A systematic review of 3780 articles was performed. Twenty-four studies met inclusion criteria and 11 reported cephalometric measurements amenable to meta-analysis. Patients with Veau class I-III palatal clefts were included so long as they had undergone only lip repair. Groups were compared against both noncleft and unrepaired controls.

Cephalometrics were reported for 326 patients (31.3% female). Noncleft controls had an average SNA angle of 81.25° ± 3.12°. The only patients demonstrating hypoplastic SNA angles were those with unilateral CLP with isolated lip repair (77.4° ± 4.22°). Patients with repaired CL had SNA angles similar to noncleft controls (81.4° ± 4.02°). Patients with unrepaired CLP and CL tended toward more protruding maxillae, with SNA angles of 83.3° ± 4.04° and 87.9° ± 3.11°, respectively. Notably, when comparing SNA angles between groups, patients with CLP with isolated lip repair had significantly more hypoplastic angles compared to those with repaired CL (P < .0001). Patients with CLP with isolated lip repair were also more hypoplastic than noncleft controls (P < .0001). In contrast, there was no significant difference between the SNA of patients with repaired CL and controls (P = .648).

We found that cleft lip repair only appeared to contribute to MFH in the setting of concurrent cleft palate pathology, suggesting that scarring from lip repair itself is unlikely to be the predominant driver of MFH development. However, studies generally suffered from inadequate reporting of timing, technique, follow-up time, and cleft severity.

Keywords: cephalometry; craniofacial growth; midfacial growth; nonsyndromic clefting; surgical technique.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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