Sleep spindle and slow wave activity in Parkinson disease with excessive daytime sleepiness

Abstract

Study objectives: Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is a common and devastating symptom in Parkinson disease (PD), but surprisingly most studies showed that EDS is independent from nocturnal sleep disturbance measured with polysomnography. Quantitative electroencephalography (EEG) may reveal additional insights by measuring the EEG hallmarks of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, namely slow waves and spindles. Here, we tested the hypothesis that EDS in PD is associated with nocturnal sleep disturbance revealed by quantitative NREM sleep EEG markers.

Methods: Patients with PD (n = 130) underwent polysomnography followed by spectral analysis to calculate spindle frequency activity, slow-wave activity (SWA), and overnight SWA decline, which reflects the dissipation of homeostatic sleep pressure. We used the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) to assess subjective daytime sleepiness and define EDS (ESS > 10). All examinations were part of an evaluation for deep brain stimulation.

Results: Patients with EDS (n = 46) showed reduced overnight decline of SWA (p = 0.036) and reduced spindle frequency activity (p = 0.032) compared with patients without EDS. Likewise, more severe daytime sleepiness was associated with reduced SWA decline (ß= -0.24 p = 0.008) and reduced spindle frequency activity (ß= -0.42, p < 0.001) across all patients. Reduced SWA decline, but not daytime sleepiness, was associated with poor sleep quality and continuity at polysomnography.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that daytime sleepiness in PD patients is associated with sleep disturbance revealed by quantitative EEG, namely reduced overnight SWA decline and reduced spindle frequency activity. These findings could indicate that poor sleep quality, with incomplete dissipation of homeostatic sleep pressure, may contribute to EDS in PD.

Keywords: EEG; Parkinson; excessive daytime sleepiness; polysomnography; sleep; sleep homeostasis; slow wave activity; slow-wave sleep; spectral analysis; spindles.