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. 2022 Jul 6;10(7):1361.
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10071361.

Great Abilities of Shinella zoogloeoides Strain from a Landfarming Soil for Crude Oil Degradation and a Synergy Model for Alginate-Bead-Entrapped Consortium Efficiency

Emerance Jessica Claire D'Assise Goma-Tchimbakala  1   2 , Ilaria Pietrini  3 , Federica Dal Bello  4 , Joseph Goma-Tchimbakala  2   5 , Stefano Lo Russo  6 , Stefano Paolo Corgnati  1
Affiliations

Great Abilities of Shinella zoogloeoides Strain from a Landfarming Soil for Crude Oil Degradation and a Synergy Model for Alginate-Bead-Entrapped Consortium Efficiency

Emerance Jessica Claire D'Assise Goma-Tchimbakala et al. Microorganisms. .

Abstract

Oil contamination is of great concern worldwide and needs to be properly addressed. The present work aimed to contribute to the development of bacterial consortia for oil recovery. We investigated the community structure of a landfarming-treated soil (LF2) by metagenomics to unravel the presence of hydrocarbon degraders. Moreover, we isolated Shinella zoogloeoides LFG9 and Bacillus swezeyi LFS15 from LF2 and combined them with Pseudomonas guguanensis SGPP2 isolated from an auto mechanic workshop soil to form the mixed consortium COG1. Bacterial isolates were tested for biosurfactant production. Additionally, the bioremediation potential of COG1 was studied as free and entrapped consortia by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, in comparison to the single strains. Results revealed the presence of Actinobacteria (66.11%), Proteobacteria (32.21%), Gammaproteobacteria (5.39%), Actinomycetales (65.15%), Burkholderiales (13.92%), and Mycobacterium (32.22%) taxa, indicating the presence of hydrocarbon degraders in soil LF2. All three isolated strains were biosurfactant producers capable of degrading crude oil components within 14 days. However, Shinella zoogloeoides LFG9 performed best and was retained as candidate for further bioremediation investigation. In addition, COG1 performed better when immobilized, with entrapment effectiveness manifested by increased fatty acids and aromatic compound degradation. Attempt to improve crude oil biodegradation by adding surfactants failed as sodium dodecyl sulfate restrained the immobilized consortium performance.

Keywords: GC-MS; Shinella zoogloeoides; alginate bead entrapment; hydrocarbon bioremediation; metagenomics.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Taxonomic affiliation of micro-organisms in soil LF2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Oil-coated agar test of isolates Shinella zoogloeoides LFG9, Bacillus swezeyi LFS15, Bacillus safensis LFS6, and Pseudomonas guguanensis SGPP2 with crude oil as hydrocarbon substrate.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Emulsification index E24 of bacterial isolates Shinella zoogloeoides LFG9, Bacillus swezeyi LFS15, Pseudomonas guguanensis SGPP2, and Bacillus safensis LFS6 against crude oil and hexadecane.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Growth of bacterial strains at 30 °C and 37 °C after 6 days. Bars represent the difference between the final and initial values of the optical densities (600 nm). LFG9: Shinella zoogloeoides; LFS15: Bacillus swezeyi; SGPP2: Pseudomonas guguanensis.
Figure 5
Figure 5
GC-MS chromatograms of crude oil degradation caused by (a) control; (b) Bacillus swezeyi LFS15 after 14 days; (c) Bacillus swezeyi LFS15 after 8 months; (d) Shinella zoogloeoides LFG9 after 14 days; (e) Shinella zoogloeoides LFG9 after 8 months; (f) Pseudomonas guguanensis SGPP2 after 14 days; (g) free consortium COG1 after 5 months; (h) entrapped consortium COG1E after 5 months; (i) entrapped consortium supplemented with SDS as COG1ES after 5 months.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Variations of the main crude oil component concentrations expressed as relative quantity, induced by the free (COG1) consortium and entrapped (COG1E) consortium, as well as the entrapped consortium supplemented with SDS (COG1ES). Positive and negative numbers indicate an increase and degradation of the compound after the treatment, respectively. Numbers are given in percentages compared to the control. Formulas refer to: nonanoic acid (C9H18O2); phthalic anhydride (C8H4O3); n-decanoic acid (C10H20O2); 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyn-4,7-diol (C14H26O2); unresolved coelution of benzofuran and phthalate (X); 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-phenol (C14H22O); unresolved aromatic compound with lateral unsaturated chain (Y); dodecanoic acid (C12H24O2); phenol with amino group (Z); tetradecanoic acid (C14H28O2); pentadecanoic acid (C15H30O2); 7,9-Di-tert-butyl-1-oxaspiro(4,5)deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione (C17H24O3); n-hexadecanoic acid (C16H32O2); octadecanoic acid (C18H36O2); Hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester (C19H38O4); 13-Docosenamide, (Z)-(C22H43NO); unresolved unsaturated long-chain alkene (XS).
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