Nanoparticles in Endodontics Disinfection: State of the Art

Abstract

Endodontic-related diseases constitute the fourth most expensive pathologies in industrialized countries. Specifically, endodontics is the part of dentistry focused on treating disorders of the dental pulp and its consequences. In order to treat these problems, especially endodontic infections, dental barriers and complex root canal anatomy should be overcome. This constitutes an unmet medical need since the rate of successful disinfection with the currently marketed drugs is around 85%. Therefore, nanoparticles constitute a suitable alternative in order to deliver active compounds effectively to the target site, increasing their therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, in the present review, an overview of dental anatomy and the barriers that should be overcome for effective disinfection will be summarized. In addition, the versatility of nanoparticles for drug delivery and their specific uses in dentistry are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the latest findings, potential applications and state of the art nanoparticles with special emphasis on biodegradable nanoparticles used for endodontic disinfection are also reviewed.

Keywords: PLGA; dentistry; endodontics; metal nanoparticles; nanoparticles.

Figure 1

Tooth anatomy divided in crown and root and nanoparticles localization for endodontic disinfection [24,25].

Figure 2

Stages in biofilm formation. (1) Reversible adhesion of bacteria to the infection surface by means of their superficial appendages (pili and flagella). (2) Irreversible adhesion, forming microcolonies. (3) Growth and cell division. (4) Bacterial secretion from the extracellular polymeric matrix, composed of proteins and polysaccharides and biofilm maturation. (5) Bacterial detachment and migration to different environments. Based on [113].

Figure 3

Chitosan NPs antibacterial mechanism of action. Based on [13,128].