Improving Soy Sauce Aroma Using High Hydrostatic Pressure and the Preliminary Mechanism

Abstract

Using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) to treat liquid foods can improve their aroma; however, no information about the effects of HHP on soy sauce aroma has yet been reported. The effects of HHP on the aroma of soy sauce fermented for 30 d were investigated using quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA), SPME-GC-olfactometry/MS, hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that the pressure used during HHP treatment had a greater influence on soy sauce aroma than the duration of HHP. Compared to the control, soy sauce that was treated with HHP at 400 MPa for 30 min (HHP400-30) obtained the highest sensory score (33% higher) by increasing its sour (7%), malty (9%), floral (27%) and caramel-like (47%) aromas, while decreasing its alcoholic (6%), fruity (6%) and smoky (12%) aromas; moreover, the aroma of HHP400-30 soy sauce was comparable with that of soy sauce fermented for 180 d. Further investigation demonstrated that HHP (400 MPa/30 min) enhanced the OAVs of compounds with sour (19%), malty (37%), floral (37%), caramel-like (49%) and other aromas (118%), and lowered the OAVs of compounds with alcoholic (5%), fruity (12%) and smoky (17%) aromas. These results were consistent with the results of the QDA. HHP treatment positively regulated the Maillard, oxidation and hydrolysis reactions in raw soy sauce, which resulted in the improvement and accelerated formation of raw soy sauce aroma. HHP was capable of simultaneously improving raw soy sauce aroma while accelerating its aroma formation, and this could treatment become a new alternative process involved in the production of high-quality soy sauce.

Keywords: Aspergillus oryzae; aroma compound; high hydrostatic pressure; soy sauce; soybean.

Figure 1

Sensory evaluation of the control and samples.

Figure 2

Hierarchical cluster analysis of the control and samples.

Figure 3

PCA of the control and samples. Annotation: (1) 2-methylpropanal; (2) 2-methylbutanal; (3) 3-methylbutanal; (4) ethanol; (5) 2-methyl-1-butanol; (6) 3-methyl-1-butanol; (7) ethyl acetate; (8) ethyl propanoate; (9) ethyl isovalerate; (10) benzoic acid; (11) ethyl 3-methylthiopropionate; (12) phenylethanol; (13) benzeneacetaldehyde; (14) methyl benzoate; (15) (E)-β-damascenone; (16) 2-phenylethyl acetate; (17) 2-furanmethanol; (18) 3-methylthio-1-propanol; (19) 3-(methylthio)propanal; (20) 2,6-dimethylpyrazine; (21) trimethyl pyrazine; (22) HDMF; (23) HEMF; (24) 2-acetylpyrroline; (25) 4-ethylphenol; (26) 4-ethylguaiacol; (27) 4-vinylguaiacol; (28) acetic acid; (29) 2-methylpropanoic acid; (30) butanoic acid; (31) 2-methylbutanoic acid; (32) 3-methylbutanoic acid; (33) phenylacetic acid; (34) dimethyl trisulfide; (35) 1-octen-3-ol.