Postbiotic Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid and Camel Milk Intervention as Innovative Trends Against Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipidemia in Streptozotocin-Induced C57BL/6J Diabetic Mice

Abstract

Diabetes is a serious disease that threatens human health worldwide. The study hypothesis is to investigate the novel trends that may aid in the prevention of diabetic complications. Camel milk was presented as traditional functional food, and Lactobacillus brevis KLDS_1.0727 and KLDS_1.0373 strains were shown to synthesize postbiotic Gamma-aminobutyric acid as a potential food additive, which can therapeutically intervene against hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in streptozotocin-induced C₅₇BL/6J mice. During a four-week timeframe, body weight and postprandial blood glucose levels were monitored. Post-euthanasia, blood plasma was obtained to investigate hyperlipidemia, insulin concentrations, liver, and renal functions. The liver, pancreas, kidney, and spleen underwent histopathological examinations. The results demonstrated that KLDS_1.0727 and KLDS_1.0373 (LAC_S1 , LAC_S2 ) and camel milk treatments all had a significant influence on hypoglycemic activity, as evidenced by reduced postprandial blood glucose levels. LAC_S1 , LAC_S2 , and camel milk therapy significantly reduced blood hypolipidemic, and some liver enzymes such as (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase) levels. Therefore, we recommend consuming camel milk regularly and expanding its use with fermented foods containing L. brevis, one of the probiotics capable of producing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as future food additives that can improve human health and reduce the prevalence of several diseases disorders.

Keywords: C57BL/6 mice; Lactobacillus brevis; camel milk; diabetes type 1; gamma-aminobutyric acid; postbiotic.

Figure 1

Glucose levels (mmol/l) during 4 weeks. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. Result are given in triplicate as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05).

Figure 2

Average of bodyweight/g during 4 weeks. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. Result are given in triplicate as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05).

Figure 3

Hyperlipidemia parameters, glucose and Mg⁺² level analysis in blood plasma. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. Result are given in triplicate as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). TG, triglycerides; CHOL, total cholesterol; HDL, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; GLU, glucose.

Figure 4

Determination of insulin blood plasma. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. Result are given in triplicate as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05).

Figure 5

Assessment of liver functions. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. Result are given in triplicate as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). ALB, albumin; GLUB, globulin; ALT, serum alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; TP, total protein; TBA, total bile acid.

Figure 6

Assessment of renal functions. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. Result are given in triplicate as mean ± SD. Different letters indicate significant differences among groups (p < 0.05). BUN, uric nitrogen; CREA, creatinine; URIC, uric acid.

Figure 7

Histopathological evaluation. Cont, control; Ca_Cont, camel milk control; Ca_STZ, camel milk with streptozotocin; INS_STZ, insulin with streptozotocin; STZ, streptozotocin; LAC_SI, KLDS_1.0727 with streptozotocin; LAC_S2, KLDS_1.0373 with streptozotocin. (A) Lever; (B)) Kidney; (C) Pancreas and (D) Spleen.