Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism
- PMID: 35899019
- PMCID: PMC9309229
- DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2022.06.002
Clinical neurophysiology of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism
Abstract
This review is part of the series on the clinical neurophysiology of movement disorders. It focuses on Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. The topics covered include the pathophysiology of tremor, rigidity and bradykinesia, balance and gait disturbance and myoclonus in Parkinson's disease. The use of electroencephalography, electromyography, long latency reflexes, cutaneous silent period, studies of cortical excitability with single and paired transcranial magnetic stimulation, studies of plasticity, intraoperative microelectrode recordings and recording of local field potentials from deep brain stimulation, and electrocorticography are also reviewed. In addition to advancing knowledge of pathophysiology, neurophysiological studies can be useful in refining the diagnosis, localization of surgical targets, and help to develop novel therapies for Parkinson's disease.
Keywords: Bradykinesia; Deep brain stimulation; Electroencephalography; Electromyography; Gait and balance; Local field potentials; Long latency reflexes; Microelectrode recording; Transcranial magnetic stimulation; Tremor.
© 2022 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Conflict of interest statement
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Robert Chen received honoraria from Abbvie, Merz and Ipsen, outside of the submitted work. Alfonso Fasano received honoraria for his work as consultant for Abbvie, Abbott, Boston Scientific, Ipsen, Medtronic, and Sunovion; he sits in the advisory board for Abbvie, Boston Scientific, Ceregate, and Inbrain; received speaker fees from Abbvie, Abbott, American Academy of Neurology, Boston Scientific, Brainlab, Ipsen, Medtronic, Merz, Movement Disorders Society, Sunovion, Paladin Labs, and UCB; he received royalties from Springer and has received research grants from Abbvie, Boston Scientific, Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, University of Toronto, Michael J Fox Foundation, Medtronic, and the MSA coalition. Rick Helmich has served as a consultant for Roche Pharma. William D. Hutchison has received honoraria and travel support from Medtronic Inc. Andrea A. Kuhn: Personal fees from Medtronic, personal fees from Boston Scientific, personal fees from Abbott, personal fees from Ipsen Pharma, personal fees from Teva, outside the submitted work. The other authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Figures





Similar articles
-
Neurophysiological correlates of bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease.Brain. 2018 Aug 1;141(8):2432-2444. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy155. Brain. 2018. PMID: 29901693
-
Movement-related dynamics of cortical oscillations in Parkinson's disease and essential tremor.Brain. 2016 Aug;139(Pt 8):2211-23. doi: 10.1093/brain/aww144. Epub 2016 Jun 21. Brain. 2016. PMID: 27329771 Free PMC article.
-
How can neurophysiological studies help with movement disorders characterization in clinical practice? A review.Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020 May 29;78(8):512-522. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20190195. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020. PMID: 32901697
-
Parkinson's disease: Alterations of motor plasticity and motor learning.Handb Clin Neurol. 2022;184:135-151. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-819410-2.00007-2. Handb Clin Neurol. 2022. PMID: 35034730 Review.
-
Chapter 33: the history of movement disorders.Handb Clin Neurol. 2010;95:501-46. doi: 10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7. Handb Clin Neurol. 2010. PMID: 19892136 Review.
Cited by
-
Simple biomarkers to distinguish Parkinson's disease from its mimics in clinical practice: a comprehensive review and future directions.Front Neurol. 2024 Sep 19;15:1460576. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1460576. eCollection 2024. Front Neurol. 2024. PMID: 39364423 Free PMC article. Review.
-
Functional anatomy of the subthalamic nucleus and the pathophysiology of cardinal features of Parkinson's disease unraveled by focused ultrasound ablation.Sci Adv. 2024 Nov 22;10(47):eadr9891. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr9891. Epub 2024 Nov 22. Sci Adv. 2024. PMID: 39576853 Free PMC article.
-
Analysis of patellar reflex in Parkinson disease patients after an acupuncture treatment protocol - Case series study.Clin Park Relat Disord. 2025 Apr 9;12:100324. doi: 10.1016/j.prdoa.2025.100324. eCollection 2025. Clin Park Relat Disord. 2025. PMID: 40671876 Free PMC article.
-
Enhanced beta power emerges from simulated parkinsonian primary motor cortex.NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025 Aug 5;11(1):230. doi: 10.1038/s41531-025-01070-4. NPJ Parkinsons Dis. 2025. PMID: 40764619 Free PMC article.
-
Longitudinal dynamics of clinical and neurophysiological changes in parkinson's disease over four and a half years.Sci Rep. 2025 Jul 26;15(1):27284. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-13558-3. Sci Rep. 2025. PMID: 40715548 Free PMC article.
References
-
- Abbruzzese G., Berardelli A. Sensorimotor integration in movement disorders. Mov. Disord. 2003;18:231–240. - PubMed
-
- Agostino R., Currà A., Giovannelli M., Modugno N., Manfredi M., Berardelli A. Impairment of individual finger movements in Parkinson's disease. Mov. Disord. 2003;18:560–565. - PubMed
-
- Agrawal A., Bhattacharya A., Kamble N., Yadav R., Pal P.K. Effect of lumbar drainage on cortical excitability in normal pressure hydrocephalus. Can. J. Neurol. Sci. 2021;48:253–258. - PubMed
-
- Al-Ozzi T.M., Botero-Posada L.F., Lopez Rios A.L., Hutchison W.D. Single unit and beta oscillatory activities in subthalamic nucleus are modulated during visual choice preference. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2021;53:2220–2233. - PubMed
Publication types
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources