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. 2022 Jul 12:13:938800.
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.938800. eCollection 2022.

Identification and Comprehensive Genome-Wide Analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) and Their Expression Profiling Reveals a Likely Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation

Irfan Ali Sabir  1 , Muhammad Aamir Manzoor  2 , Iftikhar Hussain Shah  1 , Xunju Liu  1 , Songtao Jiu  1 , Jiyuan Wang  1 , Pravej Alam  3 , Muhammad Abdullah  1 , Caixi Zhang  1
Affiliations

Identification and Comprehensive Genome-Wide Analysis of Glutathione S-Transferase Gene Family in Sweet Cherry (Prunus avium) and Their Expression Profiling Reveals a Likely Role in Anthocyanin Accumulation

Irfan Ali Sabir et al. Front Plant Sci. .

Abstract

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in plants are multipurpose enzymes that are involved in growth and development and anthocyanins transportation. However, members of the GST gene family were not identified in sweet cherry (Prunus avium). To identify the GST genes in sweet cherry, a genome-wide analysis was conducted. In this study, we identified 67 GST genes in P. avium genome and nomenclature according to chromosomal distribution. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that PavGST genes were classified into seven chief subfamily: TCHQD, Theta, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, DHAR, and Tau. The majority of the PavGST genes had a relatively well-maintained exon-intron and motif arrangement within the same group, according to gene structure and motif analyses. Gene structure (introns-exons) and conserved motif analysis revealed that the majority of the PavGST genes showed a relatively well-maintained motif and exons-introns configuration within the same group. The chromosomal localization, GO enrichment annotation, subcellular localization, syntenic relationship, Ka/Ks analysis, and molecular characteristics were accomplished using various bioinformatics tools. Mode of gene duplication showed that dispersed duplication might play a key role in the expansion of PavGST gene family. Promoter regions of PavGST genes contain numerous cis-regulatory components, which are involved in multiple stress responses, such as abiotic stress and phytohormones responsive factors. Furthermore, the expression profile of sweet cherry PavGSTs showed significant results under LED treatment. Our findings provide the groundwork for future research into induced LED anthocyanin and antioxidants deposition in sweet cherries.

Keywords: Glutathione S-transferases; Prunus avium; anthocyanin; expression analysis; phylogeny.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Phylogenetic tree of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene family of P. avium and Arabidopsis thaliana. Each color representing a subfamily (TCHQD, Theta, Phi, Zeta, Lambda, DHAR and Tau) of GST genes and itol was used to construct the phylogenetic tree.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Phylogeny (left panel), conserved motifs (center panel) and intron-exons (right panel) for GST family proteins in sweet cherry were analyzed. (A) The motif composition of PavGST protein (1–20) is represented by distinct colored boxes with appropriate motif numbers and figure legends are mentioned on the top. (B) Phylogeny and gene structure for GST family proteins in sweet cherry. The relative position and size of the exon can be estimated using the scale at the bottom. Green boxes, black lines, and yellow boxes illustrated exons, introns, and UTR, respectively.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Identified cis-elements in the promoter regions of the PavGST genes. All promoter sequences (2 kb) were assessed. The PavGST genes are depicted on the left side of the figure. The scale bar at the bottom represents the length of promoter sequence.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Prunus avium have chromosomal localization and mode of gene duplication. A colorful line links duplicated gene pairs.
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Ka/Ks values of GST genes family in Prunus avium. Comparison of Ka/Ks values for different modes of gene duplications. WGD, whole-genome duplicates; PD, proximal duplicates; TRD, transposed duplicates; TD, tandem duplicates; DSD, dispersed duplicates.
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
(A) Collinearity relationship among Prunus avium and Arabidopsis thaliana. (B) Collinearity relationship of GST genes in Prunus avium and other Rosaceae species (Prunus persica, Prunus avium, Prunus mume, and Fragaria vesca).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Chromosome localization of PavGST genes on 8 chromosomes and scale represents the length of each chromosome.
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Gene ontology (GO) annotation of PavGST proteins. The GO annotation was performed based on three categories, Molecular function, cellular component, and biological process. The numbers on the bars represent the number of predicted proteins.
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Transcriptomic evaluation of 67 PavGST genes in the fruit of three sweet cherry cultivars (Bing, Lapin, Rainer). Different colors revealed expression intensity.
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
(A) Effect of LED light on anthocyanin contents in pulp (CGE/100 g) in sweet cherry cv. “Van.” (B) Effect of LED light on anthocyanin contents in peel CGE/100 g) in sweet cherry cv. “Van.” (C) Effect of LED light on color enhancement (L*, C*) sweet cherry cv. “Van.” Data are average ± SE. Different letters represent the significant difference between different time periods at 0.05 probability level (LSD test).
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
Effect of LED light on Total antioxidants (%DPPH) in sweet cherry cv. “Van.” Data are average ± SE. Different letters represent significant difference between different time periods at 0.05 probability level (LSD test).
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 12
Relative expression behavior of PavGST genes through qRT-PCR on the different time duration of LED implementation on fruit. Mean ± SE of three biological replicates (each having three technical replicates).
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