Gender Representation in Orthopaedic Surgery: A Geospatial Analysis From 2015 to 2022

Abstract

Introduction The gender disparity in orthopaedic surgery is well-established. According to our analysis, only 7.4% of practicing orthopaedic surgeons in the US are female in 2022. While there are several theories attempting to explain this gender gap, our eight years of data show that limited female representation is a self-perpetuating cycle as areas without female representation almost never improve in that regard. It appears that existing female mentorship is critical to the growth of a female orthopaedic presence in an area. In the present work, we aim to describe how gender diversity in orthopaedic surgery differs across the country, how this diversity is changing over time, and how surgeon gender diversity may be affected by the sociodemographic characteristics making up the counties where orthopaedic surgery is practiced. Methods A retrospective study was conducted using publicly available National Provider Identifier (NPI) data from 2015 to 2022. Orthopaedic surgeons and their genders were identified using the Provider Type and Gender data elements associated with an individual NPI. Rural-urban and metro characters were defined using the USDA Economic Research Reserve's rural-urban continuum codes. Python was used for database building and data cleaning. GeoDa, a statistical map-based graphing software, was used to plot and assess demographic, geographic, and socioeconomic trends. Trends in gender diversity from 2015 to 2019 were analyzed for each individual year as well as the time period as an aggregate. Cluster analysis was performed to assess complex spatial patterns of variables that could not be condensed linearly or logarithmically. Moran's I was used to measure the similarity of a Federal Information Processing System (FIPS) area code to its neighbors. Within the clustering analysis, spatial clusters were broken down into four groups of spatial outliers (High-High, High-Low, Low-High, and Low-Low) referencing a given area's relationship with its neighbors. Factorial ANOVA between each of the four cluster types was performed using the variables provided in the article to identify significant demographic variables within the cluster analysis. Results There are relative hotspots of gender diversity in the Northwest, Northeast, and Southwest with relative coldspots in the Midwest and Southern US. In counties that are considered gender diversity hotspots, the total population of orthopaedic surgeons increases by 0.94 each year while the population of female orthopaedic surgeons increases by 0.2, suggesting that in areas with high gender diversity, 4.7 male orthopaedic surgeons are joining practices for every 1.0 female. In areas with low gender diversity, the population of orthopaedic surgeons increases by 0.11 surgeons each year while the slope for an increase in female orthopaedic surgeons is 0. Conclusions Orthopaedic surgery lags behind other male-dominated surgical specialties in gender parity. Our analysis demonstrates that certain areas of the country including the Northwest, Northeast, and Arizona have improved gender diversity compared to the rest of the country. We also see that the rate of increase of female orthopaedic surgeons in the past seven years is highest in areas with more preexisting female orthopaedic surgeons, suggesting the importance of a "trailblazer" phenomenon in recruiting female surgeons.

Keywords: female; gender diversity; gender representation; orthopaedic surgery; trailblazer.

Figure 1. Boxplot Maps of the Average B) Total number of Orthopaedic Surgeons per County and A) Orthopaedic Gender Diversity Index from 2015 to 2022

White areas of the map contained no orthopaedic surgeons at any point in time and were excluded from the analysis.

Figure 2. Moran’s I Cluster Analysis of the Average Orthopaedic Gender Diversity Index from 2015 to 2022

White areas of the map contained no orthopaedic surgeons at any point in time and were excluded from the analysis.