Simultaneous quantification of urinary tobacco and marijuana metabolites using solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract

Co-exposure to tobacco and marijuana has become common in areas where recreational marijuana use is legal. To assist in the determination of the combined health risks of this co-exposure, an analytical method capable of simultaneously measuring tobacco and marijuana metabolites is needed to reduce laboratory costs and the required sample volume. So far, no such analytical method exists. Thus, we developed and validated a method to simultaneously quantify urinary levels of trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (3OH-COT), cotinine (COT), and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (COOH-THC) to assess co-exposure to tobacco and marijuana. Urine (200 µL) was spiked with labelled internal standards and enzymatically hydrolyzed to liberate the conjugated analytes before extraction using solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction (SLE) with ethyl acetate serving as an eluent. The target analytes were separated on a C18 (4.6 × 100 mm, 5 μm) analytical column with a gradient mobile phase elution and analyzed using tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring of target ion transitions. Positive electrospray ionization (ESI) was used for 3OH-COT and COT, while negative ESI was used for COOH-THC. The total run time was 13 min. The extraction recoveries were 18.4-23.9 % (3OH-COT), 65.1-96.8 % (COT), and 80.6-95.4 % (COOH-THC). The method limits of quantification were 5.0 ng/mL (3OH-COT) and 2.5 ng/mL (COT and COOH-THC). The method showed good accuracy (82.5-98.5 %) and precision (1.22-6.21 % within-day precision and 1.42-6.26 % between-day precision). The target analytes were stable for at least 144 h inside the autosampler (10 °C). The analyses of reference materials and 146 urine samples demonstrated good method performance. The use of a 96-well plate for preparation makes the method useful for the analysis of large numbers of samples.

Keywords: 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol; Cotinine; Marijuana metabolites; Supported liquid extraction; Tobacco metabolites; Trans-3′-hydroxycotinine.

Fig. 1.

Typical chromatograms of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine (A), cotinine (B), and 11-nor-9-caiboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (C) obseived in solvent blank (1), lowest calibrant (2), and unknown mine samples (3). Note: The concentrations of trans-3′-hydroxycotinine, cotinine, and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in unknown samples are 22.2 (A3), 10.5 (B3), and 11.3 ng/mL (C3), respectively.