Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2022 Apr 4:6:100132.
doi: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2022.100132. eCollection 2022 Jun.

Issues affecting supply of palliative medicines into community pharmacy: A qualitative study of community pharmacist and pharmaceutical wholesaler/distributor perspectives

Natasha Campling  1 , Liz Breen  2 , Elizabeth Miller  3 , Jacqueline Birtwistle  4 , Alison Richardson  1   5 , Michael Bennett  4 , Susan Latter  1
Affiliations

Issues affecting supply of palliative medicines into community pharmacy: A qualitative study of community pharmacist and pharmaceutical wholesaler/distributor perspectives

Natasha Campling et al. Explor Res Clin Soc Pharm. .

Abstract

Background: Patient access to medicines in the community at end-of-life (pertaining to the last year of life) is vital for symptom control. Supply of such medicines is known to be problematic, but despite this, studies have failed to examine the issues affecting community pharmacy access to palliative medicines.

Objective: To identify community pharmacists' and pharmaceutical wholesalers'/distributors' views on supply chain processes and challenges in providing access to medicines during the last year of life, to characterise supply in this UK context.

Methods: Qualitative design, with telephone interviews analysed using Framework Analysis. Coding frames were developed iteratively with data analysed separately and then triangulated to examine differences in perspectives.

Findings: Thirty-two interviews (24 community pharmacists and 8 wholesalers/distributors) were conducted. To ensure appropriate palliative medicines were available despite occasional shortages, community pharmacists worked tirelessly. They navigated a challenging interface with wholesalers/distributors, the Drug Tariff to ensure reimbursement, and multiple systems. IT infrastructures and logistics provided by wholesalers/distributors were often helpful to supply into community pharmacies resulting in same or next day deliveries. However, the inability of manufacturers to predict operational issues or accurately forecast demand led wholesalers/distributors to encounter shortages with manufactured stock levels, reducing timely access to medicines.

Conclusions: The study identifies for the first time how palliative medicines supply into community pharmacy, can be improved. A conceptual model was developed, illustrating how influencing factors affect responsiveness and speed of medicines access for patients. Work is required to strengthen this supply chain via effective relationship-building and information-sharing, to prevent patients facing disruptions in access to palliative medicines at end-of-life.

Keywords: CD, Controlled Drug (controlled substances); CP, Community Pharmacist; Community pharmacy; End-of-life; EoL, End-of-Life (pertaining to the last year of life); FL, Full-line wholesaler; GP, General Practitioner (family doctor); I, Independent pharmacy; LM, Large multiple pharmacy; Medicines access; Palliative care medicines; Pharmaceutical wholesalers/distributors; SL, Short-line wholesaler; SM, Small multiple pharmacy; Supply; WD, Wholesaler/distributor.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Sampling, data collection, and analysis.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Supply chain routes into community pharmacy.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Conceptual model of supply into community pharmacy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Healthcare Distribution Alliance . 2020. Pharmaceutical distributors: understanding our role in the supply chain.https://www.hda.org/about/role-of-distributors Published 2020. Accessed 5th August 2020.
    1. Breen L. A preliminary examination of risk in the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain (PSC) in the National Health Service (NHS) J Serv Sci Manag. 2008;01(02):193–199.
    1. Breen L., Hou J., Sowter J. Advancing the understanding of pharmaceutical supply chain resilience using Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theory. Supply Chain Manag.: an Int. J. 2021;26(3):323–340.
    1. Narayana S.A., Pati R.K., Vrat P. Managerial research on the pharmaceutical supply chain–A critical review and some insights for future directions. J Purch Supply Manag. 2014;20(1):18–40.
    1. Rossetti C.L., Handfield R., Dooley K.J. Forces, trends, and decisions in pharmaceutical supply chain management. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management. 2011;41(6):601–622.

LinkOut - more resources