Effect of Qiangdi 863 Nanosynergids Treated Water, Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium Fertilizers on Rice Growth Physiology and Grain Quality

Abstract

Nanotechnology is an emerging technique that helps in solving the biotic and abiotic agricultural issues leading to enhance crop productivity. Therefore, it was hypothesized to check the effect of Qiangdi 863 nano synergids biological-assisted growth apparatus and nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium (NPK) fertilizers improving rice germination, early growth, physiology, and yield. An experiment was performed on five rice varieties for three consecutive years (2017-2019). The nanosynergids-treated water (NTW) significantly improved the speed of germination (25.3, 35.6, and 32.3%), final emergence percentage (100%) and seed emergence energy percentage (80, 95, and 90%), radical (1.25, 1.7, and 2.35 cm) and plumule growth (1.29, 1.24, and 1.66 cm), soil plant analysis development (46, 45, and 47), antioxidant enzymatic activities, such as catalase activity (34,376 μg^-1FW h^-1, 33,264 μg^-1FW h^-1, and 34,453 μg^-1F W h^-1), superoxide dismutase (18,456 μg^-1F W h^-1, 19,445 μg^-1F W h^-1, and 19,954 μg^-1F W h^-1), peroxide (745 Ug^-1F W, 734 Ug^-1F W, and 752 Ug^-1F W), production and declined malondialdehyde (4.5 μmolg^-1F W, 5.1 μmolg^-1F W, and 4.2 μmolg^-1F W) for all years respectively in KSK 133. The application of nano-treated irrigated water enriched the biomass of rice seedlings. The overall nano synergid treatments successfully enhanced the endogenous hormones as salicylic acid (6,016.27 p mol/L, 5823.22 p mol/L, and 5922.12 p mol/L), jasmonates (JA) (5,175.6 p mol/L, 4231 p mol/L, and 5014.21 p mol/L) brassinosteroids (BR) (618.2 p mol/L, 546.83 p mol/L, and 582.1 p mol/L) quantification and yield 1000 grain weight (22.3, 22, and 23.2 g) of KSK 133. Hence, the overall results proved that NTW could effectively enhance the early growth and yield of rice varieties.

Keywords: antioxidant enzymes; brassinosteroids; jasmonates; nitrogen; phosphorous; potassium; salicylic acid; varieties.

FIGURE 1

Flow chart of nano-treated water (NTW) experiment for yield.

FIGURE 2

Effect of NTW on rice seedlings (A) Zhongzao 39 control, (B) Zhongzoa 39 NTW, (C) KSK 133 control, (D) KSK 133, (E) KS 282 control, (F) KS 282 NTW, (G) Super basmati control, (H) Super basmati NTW, (I) PK 1121 Aromatic control, and (J) PK 1121 Aromatic NTW.

FIGURE 3

Effect of NTW on (A) dry weight in 2017, (B) dry weight in 2018, (C) dry weight in 2019, (D) Soil-plant analysis development (SPAD) value 2017, (E) SPAD value 2018, and (F) SPAD value 2019. Vertical bars above mean indicate standard errors of three replicates. The mean value of each treatment with different showcase letters represents significant differences by LSD-test (P < 0.05).

FIGURE 4

Effect of NTW on (A) SOD in 2017, (B) SOD in 2018, (C) SOD in 2019, (D) CAT in 2017, (E) CAT in 2018, (F) CAT in 2019. Vertical bars above mean indicate standard errors of three replicates. The mean value of each treatment with different showcase letters represents significant differences by LSD-test (P < 0.05).

FIGURE 5

Effect of NTW on (A) POD in 2017, (B) POD in 2018, (C) POD in 2019, (D) MDA in 2017, (E) MDA in 2018, and (F) MDA in 2019. Vertical bars above the mean indicate standard errors of three replicates. The mean value of each treatment with different showcase letters represents significant differences by LSD-test (P < 0.05).

FIGURE 6

Principle Component Analysis (PCA 1, 2, and 3) in the years 2017, 2018, and 2019 with all physiological parameters (dry weight, chlorophyll, and SPAD), biochemical parameters (antioxidant enzymes, such as CAT, SOD, POD, and MDA), endogenous hormones (SA, JA, and BR), and yield parameter (1000 grain weight).

FIGURE 7

Qiangdi nano-863 nano synergid release electromagnetic waves which break the macro-molecules of water into micro-molecules. Micro-molecules of water entering into seed activates the hormone (GA) to amylase and speed up the germination process. Oxidative enzymes activation (SOD, CAT) and riddance of reactive oxidation species (ROS) lower the production of MDA and maintain the redox reactions in different subcellular structures. H₂O₂ is generated in normal metabolism via the different organelle electron transport chains in mitochondria, chloroplasts PS-1 and PS II, and cytosol. SA and JA also helped in oxidative response and rice immunity. BR promotes growth and antioxidant activity. Rice plant will have faster germination, establishing root system, enhanced tillers, flowering, and full filled grains.