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Review
. 2022 Jul 14:13:900041.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.900041. eCollection 2022.

The Role of Chicken Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Their Receptors in the Immune System

Guodong Mo  1   2   3 , Bowen Hu  1   2   3 , Ping Wei  4 , Qingbin Luo  1   2   3 , Xiquan Zhang  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

The Role of Chicken Prolactin, Growth Hormone and Their Receptors in the Immune System

Guodong Mo et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) exhibit important roles in the immune system maintenance. In poultry, PRL mainly plays its roles in nesting, hatching, and reproduction, while GH is primarily responding to body weight, fat formation and feed conversion. In this review, we attempt to provide a critical overview of the relationship between PRL and GH, PRLR and GHR, and the immune response of poultry. We also propose a hypothesis that PRL, GH and their receptors might be used by viruses as viral receptors. This may provide new insights into the pathogenesis of viral infection and host immune response.

Keywords: chicken; growth hormone; immune response; prolactin; receptor.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of PRL signaling pathway after virus infection. After infecting host cells, the virus causes immune cells death and increase the expression of inflammatory factors, such as chemokines, interleukin, and interferon. Inflammatory factors stimulate the pituitary gland to increase PRL secretion. In addition, cells can increase PRL secretion by autocrine or paracrine pathways. Then PRL binds to the PRLR receptor on the cell membrane, and activates JAK/STAT, MAPK, and PI3K signaling pathways, thus regulating the individual immune response.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic representation of GH signaling pathway after virus infection. The interactions between GH and cytokines are ambiguous and contradictory but the ghrelin can induce GH secretion. After virus infection, the host cells increase the expression of ghrelin. Ghrelin stimulates the pituitary gland to increase GH secretion. Meanwhile, cells can also increase GH secretion by autocrine or paracrine pathways. Then GH binds to the GHR receptor on the cell membrane, and activates JAK/STAT, MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways, thus regulating the individual immune response. Moreover, GH combined with GHR to activate the IGF1by inducing the JAK2/STAT5 in response to immune response.
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