Changes in physical activity and adiposity with all-cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality

Abstract

Background: The relationship between joint changes in physical activity and adiposity with mortality is not well understood. We examined the association of changes in these two established risk factors with all-cause (ACM), cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality.

Methods: We used longitudinal data from Taiwan's MJ Cohort, comprising 116,228 general population adults recruited from 1998-2013 with repeated measures 4.6 y (2.5) apart and followed up for mortality for 11.9 y (3.5). Physical activity, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and body fat percentage (BF%) groups and changes were based on public health and clinical guidelines.

Results: Compared to stable-insufficient physical activity, increasing physical activity from any baseline level was associated with lower ACM (HR [95%CI]): 0.85 [0.74, 0.96]) and CVD mortality (0.72 [0.55, 0.93]) risk. This was approximately equal to meeting physical activity guidelines at both timepoints (eg: 0.71 [0.58, 0.88] for CVD mortality). Compared to stable-overweight/moderate adiposity, decreasing adiposity level attenuated but did not offset mortality risk for all three outcomes (eg: BMI = 0.95 [0.76, 1.16] for CVD mortality). Only maintaining a healthy adiposity level at both timepoints offset mortality risk (BMI = 0.75 [0.61, 0.89]) for CVD mortality). In the joint changes analyses, lower mortality risk was a consequence of increases in physical activity across adiposity change groups (eg: WC decrease = 0.57 [0.48, 0.67]; WC stability = 0.73 [0.66, 0.80], WC increase = 0.83 [0.72, 0.97] for ACM). Decreasing adiposity attenuated the negative associations of decreased physical activity (BF% = 1.13 [0.95, 1.35] for ACM).

Conclusions: We found a lower risk for ACM, CVD, and cancer mortality from increasing physical activity and an attenuation from decreasing adiposity regardless of baseline levels. The beneficial associations of joint changes were primarily driven by physical activity, suggesting lower mortality risk may be more immediate through physical activity improvements compared to adiposity improvements alone.

Fig. 1. Independent association for physical activity, body fat percent, body mass index, and waist circumference changes with all-cause mortality (physical activity: n = 116,228, events = 3838; body fat percent: n = 116,031, events = 3828; body mass index: n = 116,228, events = 3838; waist circumference: n = 115,423, events = 3816).

All results are adjusted for: age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, diet (fruits and vegetables consumption), and education.

Fig. 2. Independent association for physical activity, body fat, body mass index, and waist circumference changes with CVD mortality (physical activity: n = 116,228, events = 607; body fat percent: n = 116,031, events = 606; body mass index: n = 116,228, events = 607; waist circumference: n = 115,423, events = 606).

All results are adjusted for: age, sex, smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, diet (fruits and vegetables consumption), and education.

Fig. 3. Joint association of physical activity and adiposity changes with all-cause mortality (body fat: n = 116,031, events = 3828; body mass index: n = 116,228, events = 3838; waist circumference: n = 115,423; events = 3816).

All results are adjusted for: age, sex, baseline physical activity, baseline adiposity (body fat percentage, body mass index, or waist circumference), smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, diet (fruits and vegetables consumption), and education.

Fig. 4. Joint association of physical activity and adiposity changes with cardiovascular disease mortality (body fat: n = 116,031, events = 606; body mass index: n = 116,228, events = 607; waist circumference: n = 115,423; events = 606).

All results are adjusted for: age, sex, baseline physical activity, baseline adiposity (body fat percentage, body mass index, or waist circumference), smoking status, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, diet (fruits and vegetables consumption), and education.