Anthropogenic effects on the body size of two neotropical orchid bees

Abstract

To accommodate an ever-increasing human population, agriculture is rapidly intensifying at the expense of natural habitat, with negative and widely reported effects on biodiversity in general and on wild bee abundance and diversity in particular. Cities are similarly increasing in area, though the impact of urbanisation on wild bees is more equivocal and potentially positive in northern temperate regions. Yet agriculture and urbanisation both lead to the loss and alteration of natural habitat, its fragmentation, a potential reduction in floral availability, and warmer temperatures, factors thought to be drivers of wild bee decline. They have also been shown to be factors to which wild bee populations respond through morphological change. Body size is one such trait that, because of its relation to individual fitness, has received growing attention as a morphological feature that responds to human induced modification in land use. Here, we investigated the change in body size of two sympatric orchid bee species on the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico in response to urbanization and agricultural intensification. By measuring 540 male individuals sampled from overall 24 sites, we found that Euglossa dilemma and Euglossa viridissima were on average smaller in urban and agricultural habitats than in natural ones. We discuss the potential role of reduced availability of resources in driving the observed body size shifts. Agricultural and urban land management in tropical regions might benefit wild bees if it encompassed the planting of flowering herbs and trees to enhance their conservation.

Keywords: Agricultural intensification; Euglossa; Life history; Urbanization.

Fig. 1

Medians and interquartiles of body size (measured as intertegular distance, ITD) for Euglossa dilemma across four the four habitats ‘Agricultural’, ‘City’, ‘Island’ and ‘Natural’

Fig. 2

Medians and interquartiles of body size (measured as intertegular distance, ITD) for Euglossa viridissima across four the four habitats ‘Agricultural’, ‘City’, ‘Island’ and ‘Natural’

Fig. 3

Map of Yucatan Peninsula indicating locations where males of Euglossa dilemma and Euglossa viridissima were sampled. The three letter codes refer to the regions to which sampling locations belong (See Table 1). The four different symbols correspond to the four treatments considered in this study: dots = natural; squares = agricultural; triangles = city; stars = island