Prokineticin 2 in cancer-related inflammation

Abstract

Inflammation, which triggers the release of a variety of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, is a critical component of tumor progression. Prokineticin 2 belongs to a new family of chemokines bound to two G-protein-coupled receptors called prokineticin receptor 1 and 2 that exert various tissue-specific biological functions. Under pathological conditions, prokineticin 2 can induce the proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis of endothelial cells, suggesting that this molecule plays a role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The aim of this review is to provide a complete compendium of the involvement of prokineticin 2 in some cancers and to evaluate its role not only in the tumor microenvironment as an angiogenic factor and a mediator of immune cell migration, but also in modulating tumor growth and spread as a suppressor of tumor cell apoptosis, and as a trigger of their proliferation and movements required for metastasis. The involvement of prokineticin 2 in tumor pain and resistance responses is also described, and finally, the potential role of prokineticin 2 as a novel prognostic tumor biomarker is highlighted.

Keywords: Angiogenesis; Chemokines; Drug resistance; G protein-coupled receptors; Tumor biomarkers; Tumor-induced pain.