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. 2022 Jul 25:2022:1958939.
doi: 10.1155/2022/1958939. eCollection 2022.

Toxicity Mitigation of Textile Dye Reactive Blue 4 by Hairy Roots of Helianthus annuus and Testing Its Effect in In Vivo Model Systems

Kanchanlata Tungare  1 , Rinkey Shahu  2 , Vyankatesh Zambare  3 , Payal Agarwal  2 , Renitta Jobby  2   4 , Nazima Nisar  5 , Nadiyah M Alabdallah  6 , Fatimah A Al-Saeed  7 , Parul Johri  8 , Sachidanand Singh  9 , Mohd Saeed  10 , Pamela Jha  11
Affiliations

Toxicity Mitigation of Textile Dye Reactive Blue 4 by Hairy Roots of Helianthus annuus and Testing Its Effect in In Vivo Model Systems

Kanchanlata Tungare et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Abstract

An anthraquinone textile dye, Reactive Blue 4 (RB4), poses environmental health hazards. In this study, remediation of RB4 (30-110 ppm) was carried out by hairy roots (HRs). UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR analysis showed that the dye undergoes decolourization followed by degradation. In addition, toxicity and safety analyses of the bioremediated dye were performed on Allium cepa and zebrafish embryos, which revealed lesser toxicity of the bioremediated dye as compared to untreated dye. For Allium cepa, the highest concentration, i.e., 110 ppm of the treated dye, showed less chromosomal aberrations with a mitotic index of 8.5 ± 0.5, closer to control. Two-fold decrease in mortality of zebrafish embryos was observed at the highest treated dye concentration indicating toxicity mitigation. A higher level of lipid peroxidation (LPO) was recorded in the zebrafish embryo when exposed to untreated dye, suggesting a possible role of oxidative stress-inducing mortality of embryos. Further, the level of LPO was significantly normalized along with the other antioxidant enzymes in embryos after dye bioremediation. At lower concentrations, mitigated samples displayed similar antioxidant activity comparable to control underlining the fact that the dye at lesser concentration can be more easily degraded than the dye at higher concentration.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Decolourization of different dyes by hairy roots: untreated dye (U) and treated dye (T).
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) Structure of RB4 and (b) UV-visible spectrum of RB4 untreated dye (U) and treated dye (T).
Figure 3
Figure 3
FTIR spectrum of RB4: (a) untreated dye and (b) treated dye.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Stages of mitosis in root tips of Allium cepa: NM: normal metaphase; AM: abnormal metaphase; NA: normal anaphase; AA: abnormal anaphase.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Ramification of RB4 dye and bioremediated dye on embryo hatching and survival rates. (a, b) Percentage hatching of embryos reared at different concentrations of untreated dye and treated dye, respectively. (c, d) Kaplan-Meier survival curves for zebrafish embryos reared at different concentrations of untreated dye and treated dye, respectively.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Photomicrograph representing morphological abnormalities in zebrafish caused by RB4 dye and bioremediated dye exposure at various concentrations (0-50 ppm). The dashed yellow line represents the normal spinal axis. YSE: yolk sac edema; SC: spinal curvature. (b) Photomicrograph representing morphological abnormalities in zebrafish caused by RB4 dye and bioremediated dye exposure at various concentrations (70-110 ppm). The dashed yellow line represents the normal spinal axis. YSE: yolk sac edema; SC: spinal curvature; TM: tail malformation.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Oxidative stress profile of zebrafish larva exposed to untreated and treated dye: (a) SOD; (b) SDH; (c) CAT; (d) POX; (e) LPO.
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