Evolving Presentation of Cardiogenic Shock: A Review of the Medical Literature and Current Practices

Abstract

Cardiogenic shock (CS) remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with cardiovascular disease. In the past, acute myocardial infarction was the leading cause of CS. However, in recent years, other etiologies, such as decompensated chronic heart failure, arrhythmia, valvular disease, and post-cardiotomy, each with distinct hemodynamic profiles, have risen in prevalence. The number of treatment options, particularly with regard to device-mediated therapy has also increased. In this review, we sought to survey the medical literature and provide an update on current practices.

Keywords: Cardiogenic shock; Heart failure; Hemodynamics; Inotrope; Mechanical circulatory support.

Fig. 1

Mortality risk by SCAI stages [54]. *Unadjusted mortality risk by SCAI stage at ICU admission from a retrospective analysis of 10,000 unique patients from a single center [55]