Risk factors for symptoms of infection and the acquisition of pathogens among pilgrims at the Grand Magal of Touba, 2017-2021

Abstract

Background: Respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent in pilgrims at the Grand Magal of Touba (GMT).

Methods: Pilgrims were prospectively investigated in 2017-2021 for demographics, chronic conditions, preventive measures, respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, and pathogen carriage using PCR assays.

Results: 535 pilgrims were included. 54.8% and 13.3% reported respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms, respectively. 18.4% acquired respiratory viruses, notably rhinovirus (10.1%) and coronaviruses (5.6%) and 39.9% bacteria, notably Haemophilus influenzae (18.9%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (14.1%). The acquisition of gastrointestinal pathogens was lower, with enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (18.9%) and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (10.5%) being the most frequent. A decrease was observed in the acquisition rates of pathogens in 2020-2021 GMT. Female pilgrims were more at risk of respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. Respiratory symptoms were associated with virus acquisition (aRR: 2.20, 95%CI [1.38-3.50]) and S. pneumoniae acquisition (aRR: 2.76, 95%CI = [1.64-4.62]). Using hand soap was associated with a decrease in the acquisition of rhinovirus (aRR: 0.42, 95%CI [0.22-0.80]) and coronavirus (aRR: 0.42, 95%CI [0.22-0.81]). Using face masks was associated with a decrease in reporting of respiratory symptoms (aRR: 0.54, 95% [0.35-0.86]).

Conclusion: Hand washing with soap and wearing face masks should be recommended to GMT pilgrims.

Keywords: Gastrointestinal symptoms; Grand magal; Pathogen acquisition; Pilgrims; Preventive measures; Respiratory symptoms; Senegal.