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Review
. 2022 Jul 22:10:953916.
doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.953916. eCollection 2022.

Exosome mediated biological functions within skeletal microenvironment

Zhikun Wang  1 , Zhonghan Zhao  1 , Bo Gao  2 , Lingli Zhang  3
Affiliations
Review

Exosome mediated biological functions within skeletal microenvironment

Zhikun Wang et al. Front Bioeng Biotechnol. .

Abstract

Exosomes are membranous lipid vesicles fused with intracellular multicellular bodies that are released into the extracellular environment. They contain bioactive substances, including proteins, RNAs, lipids, and cytokine receptors. Exosomes in the skeletal microenvironment are derived from a variety of cells such as bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteocytes. Their biological function is key in paracrine or endocrine signaling. Exosomes play a role in bone remodeling by regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. Genetic engineering technology combined with exosome-based drug delivery can therapy bone metabolic diseases. In this review, we summarized the pathways of exosomes derived from different skeletal cells (i.e., BMSCs, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts) regulate the skeletal microenvironment through proteins, mRNAs, and non-coding RNAs. By exploring the role of exosomes in the skeletal microenvironment, we provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of bone-related metabolic diseases, which may lay the foundation to improve bone tumor microenvironments, alleviate drug resistance in patients.

Keywords: bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; osteoblast; osteoclast; osteocyte; skeletal microenvironment; skeletal related exosomes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
BMSC-Exos-mediated communication within the skeletal micro-environment. BMSC-Exos promoted osteoblast differentiation by SATB2, ATF4, HIF1α, let-7b, lncRNA MALAT1, and miRNAs (i.e., miR-196a, miR-119b, miR-218, miR-150-3p). BMSC-Exos inhibitied osteogenic differentiation through miR-135b, miR-181a, Hoax2, miR-221, and miR-885-5p. BMSC-Exos promoted osteoclast differentiation through RANKL, miR-148, and miR-31a-59.
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Osteoblast-Exos-mediated communication within the skeletal micro-environment. Osteoblast-Exos promoted osteoclast differentiation by RANKL, circ_0008542, miR-185-5p, and miR-503-39.
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Osteocyte-Exos-mediated communication within the skeletal micro-environment. Osteocyte-Exos promoted osteoblast differentiation through miR-181b-5p, and inhibited osteoblast differentiation through miR-218 and miR-124-3p.
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Osteoclast-Exos-mediated communication within the skeletal micro-environment. Osteoclast-Exos promoted osteoblast differentiation by lncRNA LIOCE and miR-23a-5p, and inhibited osteoblast activity by miR-214, ephrin A2 and miR-241-3p.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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