Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of lophiostomatoid fungi motivates a broad concept of Lophiostoma and reveals nine new species

Abstract

Recent studies on the fungal families Lophiostomataceae and Lophiotremataceae (Pleosporales) have provided varying phylogenetic and taxonomic results concerning constituent genera and species. By adding DNA sequences of 24 new strains of Lophiostomataceae and nine new strains of Lophiotremataceae to a sequence data matrix from international databases, we provide a new understanding of the relationships within these families. Multigene analysis of the four molecular markers ITS, LSU, TEF1-α, and RPB2 reveals that the genera within Lophio-tremataceae are phylogenetically well supported. Lophiostoma myriocarpum is recognised as a species of Lophiotrema in contrast to earlier concepts. In Lophiostomataceae, we resurrect a broad generic concept of the genus Lophiostoma and reduce 14 genera to synonymy: Alpestrisphaeria, Biappendiculispora, Capulatispora, Coelodictyosporium, Guttulispora, Lophiohelichrysum, Lophiopoacea, Neopaucispora, Neotrematosphaeria, Platystomum, Pseudocapulatispora, Pseudolophiostoma, Pseudoplatystomum, and Sigarispora. Nine new species are described based on molecular data and in most cases supported by morphological characters: Antealophiotrema populicola, Atrocalyx nordicus, Lophiostoma carpini, Lophiostoma dictyosporium, Lophiostoma erumpens, Lophiostoma fusisporum, Lophiostoma jotunheimenense, Lophiostoma plantaginis, and Lophiostoma submuriforme. Lophiostoma caespitosum and Lophiotrema myriocarpum are lecto- and epitypified to stabilise their species concepts. High intraspecific variability of several morphological traits is common within Lophiostomataceae. Citation: Andreasen M, Skrede I, Jaklitsch WM, et al. 2021. Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of lophiostomatoid fungi motivates a broad concept of Lophiostoma and reveals nine new species. Persoonia 46: 240-271. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.46.09.

Keywords: Lophiostomataceae; Lophiotremataceae; Pleosporales; molecular phylogeny; new taxa; taxonomy.

Fig. 1

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Lophiostomataceae based on ITS2, 5.8S, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 combined sequence data. Numbers above branches indicate Maximum likelihood RAxML bootstrap values above 50 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0.90 are given at the nodes. Branches supported by ML bootstrap analyses (> 50) are thickened. Newly obtained strains are shown in bold. Shorted nodes are marked with crossing lines and indications (×2, ×4) of how many times the node has been shortened.

Fig. 1

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Lophiostomataceae based on ITS2, 5.8S, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 combined sequence data. Numbers above branches indicate Maximum likelihood RAxML bootstrap values above 50 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0.90 are given at the nodes. Branches supported by ML bootstrap analyses (> 50) are thickened. Newly obtained strains are shown in bold. Shorted nodes are marked with crossing lines and indications (×2, ×4) of how many times the node has been shortened.

Fig. 2

Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Lophiotremataceae based on ITS2, 5.8S, LSU, TEF1-α and RPB2 combined sequence data. Numbers above branches indicate Maximum likelihood RAxML bootstrap values above 50 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities higher than 0.90 are given at the nodes. Branches supported by ML bootstrap analyses (> 50) are thickened. Newly obtained strains are shown in bold. Shorted nodes are marked with crossing lines and indications (×3) of how many times the node has been shortened.

Fig. 3

Lophiostoma caespitosum. a–r. O-F-256902 - epitype. s–t. G00266553 - holotype. a–b. Cespitose ascomatal necks; c–d. section of ascomata; e–g. peridium; h–i. hymenium and pseudoparaphyses; j–l. asci; m–t. ascospores. — Scale bars: a–b = 1000 μm; c = 150 μm; d–e, h–i = 40 μm; f–g = 30 μm; j–t = 20 μm.

Fig. 4

Lophiostoma carpini (O-F-256904 - holotype). a–b. Ascomata; c. section of ascoma; d–e. asci; f–k. ascospores. — Scale bars: a–b = 400 μm; c = 100 μm; d–e = 50 μm; f–k = 20 μm.

Fig. 5

Lophiostoma cf. clavatum (O-F-256905). a. Ascoma; b. section of ascomata; c–d. peridium; e–f. asci; g–n. ascospores. — Scale bars: a–b = 150 μm; d = 40 μm; e–f = 50 μm; c, g–n = 20 μm.

Fig. 6

Lophiostoma compressum. (a, m–n, p, r (O-F-256906). b–j, o, q, s–t (O-F-256909) k–l (O-F-192126). a–b. Ascomata; d–e, h. section of ascomata; f. section of ostiole; c, g. peridium (c. textura angularis at the side, g. textura prismatica at the base); i–l. asci; m–t. ascospores under Zeiss Axio Imager A2 compound microscope. — Scale bars: a–b = 300 μm; c, g = 40 μm; d–f, h = 50 μm; i–l = 30 μm; m–t = 20 μm.

Fig. 7

Lophiostoma dictyosporum (O-F-256916 - holotype). a. Ascomata; b–c. section of ascomata; d. hymenium; e, g–i. asci; j–r. ascospores. — Scale bars: a–c = 400 μm; d = 40 μm; e–f = 100 μm; g–i = 50 μm; j–r = 20 μm.

Fig. 8

Lophiostoma erumpens (O-F-256921 - holotype). a–b. Ascomata; c–d. section of ascomata; e–h. asci; i–m. ascospores. — Scale bars: a = 350 μm; b–d = 200 μm; e–h = 50 μm; i–m = 20 μm (d in Cotton blue).

Fig. 9

Lophiostoma fusisporum (O-F-256920 - holotype). a–c. Ascomata; d–e. section of ascomata; f–g. peridium; h–i. hymenium; j–o. asci and pseudoparaphyses; p–q. immature ascospores; r–y. ascospores. — Scale bars: a–c = 200 μm; d–e = 100 μm; f–g = 40 μm; h–o = 20 μm; p–y = 10 μm.

Fig. 10

Lophiostoma jotunheimenense (O-F-256917 - holotype). a–b. Ascomata; c–d. section of ascomata; e–f. peridium; g, j. hymenium; h–i. asci; k–l. immature ascospores; m–s. ascospores. — Scale bars: a, b, d = 300 μm; c = 100 μm; e–g, i–j = 25 μm; h = 50 μm; k–s = 15 μm.

Fig. 11

Lophiostoma macrostomoides (O-F-256918). a–b. Ascomata; c–d. section of ascomata; e–f. peridium (textura angularis at the base); g–h. asci; i–k. immature ascospores; l–q. ascospores under Zeiss Axio Imager A2 compound microscope. — Scale bars: a–c = 150 μm; d = 300 μm; e, g = 50 μm; f, i–q = 20 μm; h = 60 μm.

Fig. 12

Lophiostoma plantaginis (O-F-256936 - holotype). a. Host; b, d ascomata; c. sectioned ascoma; e. peridium; f. hymenium; g. immature ascus; h–i. immature ascospores; j–n. ascospores. — Scale bars: a = 1 cm; b, d = 200 μm; c = 100 μm; e, g = 50 μm; f = 40 μm; h–n = 20 μm.

Fig. 13

Lophiostoma pseudomacrostomum. a–m (O-F-256922). n–s (O-F-256925). t–z (O-F-256924). a–b. Ascomata; c. section of ascoma; d–e. peridium; f–g. asci; h–z. ascospores (immature in n, t–u; h–m under Zeiss Axio Imager A2 compound microscope). — Scale bars: a–b = 500 μm; c, f–g = 50 μm; d–e = 10 μm; h–z = 20 μm.

Fig. 14

Lophiostoma submuriforme (O-F-256926 - holotype). a. Habit; b–c. sections of ascomata; d. ascomatal apices; e. peridium; f–g. hymenium; h, l–s. ascospores; i–k. asci. — Scale bars: a = 2 mm; b = 200 μm; c = 100 μm; d = 300 μm; e, g = 40 μm; f, i–k = 50 μm; h, l–s = 20 μm.

Fig. 15

Antealophiotrema populicola. (O-F-256929 - holotype). a–b. Ascomata; c. section of ascoma; d. peridium; e–h. asci; i–q. ascospores (immature in i–k). — Scale bars: a–c = 100 μm; d–g = 40 μm; h = 20 μm; i–q = 20 μm (n–q in Cotton blue).

Fig. 16

Atrocalyx nordicus (O-F-256932 - holotype). a–c. Ascomata; d–f. section of ascomata; g. peridium; h–j. hymenium; k–l. immature asci; m–u. ascospores (immature in u). — Scale bars: a–c = 200 μm; d–h = 50 μm; i–u = 20 μm (d, i–k, p–s, u in Cotton blue).

Fig. 17

Lophiotrema myriocarpum. a–r. (O-F-256934 - epitype), s–u. (G00127825 - lectotype) a. Ascomata; b, d–e. section of ascomata; c. peridium; f–i, s. asci; j–r, t–u. ascospores. — Scale bars: a = 400 μm; b = 250 μm; c–e, g–i = 50 μm; f = 10 μm; j–u = 20 μm (e–f, n–q, s–u in Cotton blue, r in Indian ink).

Fig. 18

Lophiotrema nucula (O-F-247790). a. Habit; b–c. ascomata in section; d–f. peridium; g–h. asci; i–q. ascospores. — Scale bars: a–b = 150 μm; c = 200 μm; d = 40 μm; e–f, i–q = 20 μm; g–h = 10 μm (h–q in Cotton blue).