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Review
. 2022 Jul 22:9:940514.
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.940514. eCollection 2022.

The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Anwar Ali  1   2   3 , Muhammad Faisal Manzoor  4 , Nazir Ahmad  5 , Rana Muhammad Aadil  6 , Hong Qin  7 , Rabia Siddique  8 , Sakhawat Riaz  9 , Arslan Ahmad  9 , Sameh A Korma  10 , Waseem Khalid  11 , Liu Aizhong  1   2
Affiliations
Review

The Burden of Cancer, Government Strategic Policies, and Challenges in Pakistan: A Comprehensive Review

Anwar Ali et al. Front Nutr. .

Abstract

Cancer is a severe condition characterized by uncontrolled cell division and increasing reported mortality and diagnostic cases. In 2040, an estimated 28.4 million cancer cases are expected to happen globally. In 2020, an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases (18.1 million excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) had been diagnosed worldwide, with around 10.0 million cancer deaths. Breast cancer cases have increased by 2.26 million, lung cancer by 2.21 million, stomach by 1.089 million, liver by 0.96 million, and colon cancer by 1.93 million. Cancer is becoming more prevalent in Pakistan, with 19 million new cancer cases recorded in 2020. Food adulteration, gutkha, paan, and nutritional deficiencies are major cancer risk factors that interplay with cancer pathogenesis in this country. Government policies and legislation, cancer treatment challenges, and prevention must be revised seriously. This review presents the current cancer epidemiology in Pakistan to better understand cancer basis. It summarizes current cancer risk factors, causes, and the strategies and policies of the country against cancer.

Keywords: burden of disease; cancer epidemiology; food adulteration; health services; healthcare policy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The different mechanisms of cancer and its progression.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Nutrient intake and cancer prognosis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Association between contaminated food and cancer.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Links between the oxidative and nitrosative induced damage and progression of cancer.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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