Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

Jingjing Liang¹, Javier G P Gamarra², Nicolas Picard³, Mo Zhou⁴, Bryan Pijanowski⁵, Douglass F Jacobs⁵, Peter B Reich^{6

7

8}, Thomas W Crowther⁹, Gert-Jan Nabuurs^{10

11}, Sergio de-Miguel^{12

13}, Jingyun Fang¹⁴, Christopher W Woodall¹⁵, Jens-Christian Svenning^{16

17}, Tommaso Jucker¹⁸, Jean-Francois Bastin¹⁹, Susan K Wiser²⁰, Ferry Slik²¹, Bruno Hérault^{22

23}, Giorgio Alberti^{24

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26}, Gunnar Keppel²⁷, Geerten M Hengeveld^{28

29}, Pierre L Ibisch³⁰, Carlos A Silva³¹, Hans Ter Steege³², Pablo L Peri³³, David A Coomes³⁴, Eric B Searle³⁵, Klaus von Gadow^{36

37

38}, Bogdan Jaroszewicz³⁹, Akane O Abbasi⁴, Meinrad Abegg⁴⁰, Yves C Adou Yao⁴¹, Jesús Aguirre-Gutiérrez^{42

43}, Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano⁴⁴, Jan Altman^{45

46}, Esteban Alvarez-Dávila⁴⁷, Juan Gabriel Álvarez-González⁴⁸, Luciana F Alves⁴⁹, Bienvenu H K Amani⁵⁰, Christian A Amani⁵¹, Christian Ammer⁵², Bhely Angoboy Ilondea⁵³, Clara Antón-Fernández⁵⁴, Valerio Avitabile⁵⁵, Gerardo A Aymard⁵⁶, Akomian F Azihou⁵⁷, Johan A Baard⁵⁸, Timothy R Baker⁵⁹, Radomir Balazy⁶⁰, Meredith L Bastian^{61

62}, Rodrigue Batumike⁶³, Marijn Bauters^{64

65}, Hans Beeckman⁶⁶, Nithanel Mikael Hendrik Benu⁶⁷, Robert Bitariho⁶⁸, Pascal Boeckx⁶⁵, Jan Bogaert⁶⁹, Frans Bongers¹¹, Olivier Bouriaud⁷⁰, Pedro H S Brancalion⁷¹, Susanne Brandl⁷², Francis Q Brearley⁷³, Jaime Briseno-Reyes⁷⁴, Eben N Broadbent³¹, Helge Bruelheide^{75

76}, Erwin Bulte⁷⁷, Ann Christine Catlin⁷⁸, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti⁷⁹, Ricardo G César⁷¹, Han Y H Chen³⁵, Chelsea Chisholm⁸⁰, Emil Cienciala^{81

82}, Gabriel D Colletta⁸³, José Javier Corral-Rivas⁷⁴, Anibal Cuchietti⁸⁴, Aida Cuni-Sanchez^{85

86}, Javid A Dar^{87

88

89}, Selvadurai Dayanandan⁹⁰, Thales de Haulleville^{66

69}, Mathieu Decuyper¹¹, Sylvain Delabye^{91

92}, Géraldine Derroire⁹³, Ben DeVries⁹⁴, John Diisi⁹⁵, Tran Van Do⁹⁶, Jiri Dolezal^{45

97}, Aurélie Dourdain⁹³, Graham P Durrheim⁵⁸, Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang⁹⁸, Corneille E N Ewango⁹⁹, Teresa J Eyre¹⁰⁰, Tom M Fayle^{92

101}, Lethicia Flavine N Feunang¹⁰², Leena Finér¹⁰³, Markus Fischer¹⁰⁴, Jonas Fridman¹⁰⁵, Lorenzo Frizzera¹⁰⁶, André L de Gasper¹⁰⁷, Damiano Gianelle¹⁰⁶, Henry B Glick¹⁰⁸, Maria Socorro Gonzalez-Elizondo¹⁰⁹, Lev Gorenstein⁷⁸, Richard Habonayo¹¹⁰, Olivier J Hardy¹¹¹, David J Harris¹¹², Andrew Hector¹¹³, Andreas Hemp¹¹⁴, Martin Herold¹¹⁵, Annika Hillers^{116

117}, Wannes Hubau^{66

118}, Thomas Ibanez¹¹⁹, Nobuo Imai¹²⁰, Gerard Imani¹²¹, Andrzej M Jagodzinski^{122

123}, Stepan Janecek⁹¹, Vivian Kvist Johannsen¹²⁴, Carlos A Joly¹²⁵, Blaise Jumbam^{126

127}, Banoho L P R Kabelong¹⁰², Goytom Abraha Kahsay¹²⁸, Viktor Karminov¹²⁹, Kuswata Kartawinata¹³⁰, Justin N Kassi¹³¹, Elizabeth Kearsley¹³², Deborah K Kennard¹³³, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas¹²⁴, Mohammed Latif Khan¹³⁴, John N Kigomo¹³⁵, Hyun Seok Kim^{136

137

138

139}, Carine Klauberg³¹, Yannick Klomberg⁹¹, Henn Korjus¹⁴⁰, Subashree Kothandaraman^{88

89}, Florian Kraxner¹⁴¹, Amit Kumar¹⁴², Relawan Kuswandi⁶⁷, Mait Lang^{140

143}, Michael J Lawes¹⁴⁴, Rodrigo V Leite¹⁴⁵, Geoffrey Lentner⁷⁸, Simon L Lewis^{59

146}, Moses B Libalah^{102

147}, Janvier Lisingo¹⁴⁸, Pablito Marcelo López-Serrano¹⁴⁹, Huicui Lu¹⁵⁰, Natalia V Lukina¹⁵¹, Anne Mette Lykke¹⁵², Vincent Maicher^{91

92

153}, Brian S Maitner¹⁵⁴, Eric Marcon^{93

155}, Andrew R Marshall^{156

157

158}, Emanuel H Martin¹⁵⁹, Olga Martynenko¹²⁹, Faustin M Mbayu⁹⁹, Musingo T E Mbuvi¹⁶⁰, Jorge A Meave¹⁶¹, Cory Merow¹⁶², Stanislaw Miscicki¹⁶³, Vanessa S Moreno⁷¹, Albert Morera¹³, Sharif A Mukul¹⁶⁴, Jörg C Müller^{165

166}, Agustinus Murdjoko¹⁶⁷, Maria Guadalupe Nava-Miranda¹⁴⁹, Litonga Elias Ndive¹⁶⁸, Victor J Neldner¹⁰⁰, Radovan V Nevenic¹⁶⁹, Louis N Nforbelie¹⁰², Michael L Ngoh^{170

171}, Anny E N'Guessan⁴¹, Michael R Ngugi¹⁰⁰, Alain S K Ngute^{164

172}, Emile Narcisse N Njila¹⁰², Melanie C Nyako¹⁰², Thomas O Ochuodho¹⁷³, Jacek Oleksyn¹²², Alain Paquette¹⁷⁴, Elena I Parfenova¹⁷⁵, Minjee Park⁵, Marc Parren¹¹, Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy⁸⁹, Sebastian Pfautsch¹⁷⁶, Oliver L Phillips⁵⁹, Maria T F Piedade¹⁷⁷, Daniel Piotto¹⁷⁸, Martina Pollastrini¹⁷⁹, Lourens Poorter¹¹, John R Poulsen¹⁵³, Axel Dalberg Poulsen¹¹², Hans Pretzsch¹⁸⁰, Mirco Rodeghiero^{106

181}, Samir G Rolim¹⁷⁸, Francesco Rovero^{182

183}, Ervan Rutishauser¹⁸⁴, Khosro Sagheb-Talebi¹⁸⁵, Purabi Saikia¹⁸⁶, Moses Nsanyi Sainge^{170

187}, Christian Salas-Eljatib^{188

189

190}, Antonello Salis², Peter Schall⁵², Dmitry Schepaschenko^{141

175

191}, Michael Scherer-Lorenzen¹⁹², Bernhard Schmid¹⁹³, Jochen Schöngart¹⁷⁷, Vladimír Šebeň¹⁹⁴, Giacomo Sellan^{73

195}, Federico Selvi¹⁷⁹, Josep M Serra-Diaz¹⁹⁶, Douglas Sheil^{11

197}, Anatoly Z Shvidenko¹⁴¹, Plinio Sist¹⁹⁸, Alexandre F Souza¹⁹⁹, Krzysztof J Stereńczak⁶⁰, Martin J P Sullivan⁷³, Somaiah Sundarapandian⁸⁹, Miroslav Svoboda⁴⁶, Mike D Swaine²⁰⁰, Natalia Targhetta¹⁷⁷, Nadja Tchebakova¹⁷⁵, Liam A Trethowan²⁰¹, Robert Tropek^{91

92}, John Tshibamba Mukendi²⁰², Peter Mbanda Umunay²⁰³, Vladimir A Usoltsev²⁰⁴, Gaia Vaglio Laurin²⁰⁵, Riccardo Valentini²⁰⁵, Fernando Valladares²⁰⁶, Fons van der Plas²⁰⁷, Daniel José Vega-Nieva⁷⁴, Hans Verbeeck¹³², Helder Viana^{208

209}, Alexander C Vibrans²¹⁰, Simone A Vieira²¹¹, Jason Vleminckx²¹², Catherine E Waite²¹³, Hua-Feng Wang²¹⁴, Eric Katembo Wasingya⁹⁹, Chemuku Wekesa²¹⁵, Bertil Westerlund¹⁰⁵, Florian Wittmann²¹⁶, Verginia Wortel²¹⁷, Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki²¹⁸, Chunyu Zhang²¹⁹, Xiuhai Zhao²¹⁹, Jun Zhu²²⁰, Xiao Zhu⁷⁸, Zhi-Xin Zhu²¹⁴, Irie C Zo-Bi²²¹, Cang Hui^{222

223}

Affiliations

¹ Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. albeca.liang@gmail.com.
² Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
³ GIP ECOFOR, Paris, France.
⁴ Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁵ Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁶ Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁷ Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
⁸ Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
⁹ Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹¹ Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹² Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
¹³ Joint Research Unit CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA, Solsona, Spain.
¹⁴ Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Evironmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
¹⁵ Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH, USA.
¹⁶ Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
¹⁷ Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
¹⁸ School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
¹⁹ TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.
²⁰ Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
²¹ Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam.
²² Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
²³ INP-HB (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny), University of Montpellier, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast.
²⁴ Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
²⁵ Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
²⁶ Institute of Bioeconomy, CNR, Sesto, Italy.
²⁷ Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
²⁸ Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
²⁹ Wageningen University & Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, Netherlands.
³⁰ Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany.
³¹ School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
³² Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
³³ Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Cruz, Argentina.
³⁴ Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³⁵ Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
³⁶ University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
³⁷ Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
³⁸ University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
³⁹ Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland.
⁴⁰ Swiss National Forest Inventory/Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
⁴¹ UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
⁴² Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴³ Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴⁴ Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁴⁵ Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech Republic.
⁴⁶ Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
⁴⁷ Escuela ECAPMA, National Open University and Distance (Colombia) | UNAD, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁴⁸ Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
⁴⁹ Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁵⁰ Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Ivory Coast.
⁵¹ Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
⁵² Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
⁵³ Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
⁵⁴ Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forestry and Forest Resources, Ås, Norway.
⁵⁵ European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
⁵⁶ Compensation International Progress S.A., Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵⁷ Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
⁵⁸ Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South Africa.
⁵⁹ School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sekocin Stary, Raszyn, Poland.
⁶¹ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
⁶² Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁶³ Department of Environment, Universtité du Cinquantenaire de Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
⁶⁴ Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁶⁵ Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁶⁶ Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Manokwari, Indonesia.
⁶⁸ Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
⁶⁹ Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
⁷⁰ Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, Romania.
⁷¹ Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
⁷² Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany.
⁷³ Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
⁷⁴ Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
⁷⁵ Institute of Biology and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
⁷⁶ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
⁷⁷ Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁷⁸ Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
⁸⁰ Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁸¹ IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic.
⁸² Global Change Research Institute of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁸³ Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas CEP, Biologia, Brazil.
⁸⁴ Dirección Nacional de Bosques (DNB), Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MAyDS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁸⁵ Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
⁸⁶ Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
⁸⁷ Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur, India.
⁸⁸ Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, India.
⁸⁹ Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
⁹⁰ Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics & Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁹¹ Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁹² Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
⁹³ Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana.
⁹⁴ Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁵ National Forest Authority, Kampala, Uganda.
⁹⁶ Department of Silviculture Foundation, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam.
⁹⁷ Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Bohemia, Czech Republic.
⁹⁸ IPHAMETRA, IRET, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon.
⁹⁹ Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹⁰⁰ Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰¹ School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
¹⁰² Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
¹⁰³ Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
¹⁰⁴ Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden.
¹⁰⁶ Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
¹⁰⁷ Herbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil.
¹⁰⁸ Glick Designs, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA.
¹⁰⁹ CIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, Mexico.
¹¹⁰ Département des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi.
¹¹¹ Faculté des Sciences, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
¹¹² Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
¹¹³ Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹¹⁴ Department of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Germany.
¹¹⁵ Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Potsdam, Germany.
¹¹⁶ Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Representation, Monrovia, Liberia.
¹¹⁷ Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK.
¹¹⁸ Department of Environment, Laboratory for Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
¹¹⁹ AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
¹²⁰ Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
¹²¹ Biology Department, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹²² Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland.
¹²³ Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan, Poland.
¹²⁴ Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²⁵ Plant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
¹²⁶ Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
¹²⁷ Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon.
¹²⁸ Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²⁹ Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia.
¹³⁰ Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹³¹ Labo Botanique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
¹³² Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
¹³³ Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA.
¹³⁴ Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India.
¹³⁵ Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Department of Forest Resource Assessment, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹³⁶ Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁷ Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁸ National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁹ Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹⁴⁰ Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
¹⁴¹ International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
¹⁴² Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India.
¹⁴³ Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, Estonia.
¹⁴⁴ School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
¹⁴⁷ Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
¹⁴⁸ Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Végétales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹⁴⁹ Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
¹⁵⁰ Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
¹⁵¹ Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS (CEPF RAS), Moscow, Russia.
¹⁵² Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark.
¹⁵³ Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
¹⁵⁵ AgroParisTech, UMR AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
¹⁵⁶ University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁵⁷ University of York, York, UK.
¹⁵⁸ Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania.
¹⁶⁰ Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹⁶¹ Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁶² Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
¹⁶³ Department of Forest Management and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁶⁴ Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁶⁵ Fieldstation Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁶⁶ Bavarian Forest Nationalpark, Grafenau, Germany.
¹⁶⁷ Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari Papua Barat, Indonesia.
¹⁶⁸ Limbe Botanic Garden, Limbe, Cameroon.
¹⁶⁹ Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁷⁰ Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, Cameroon.
¹⁷¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
¹⁷² Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
¹⁷³ Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
¹⁷⁴ UQAM, Centre for Forest Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁷⁵ V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
¹⁷⁶ Urban Management and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁷⁷ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil.
¹⁷⁸ Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil.
¹⁷⁹ Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
¹⁸⁰ Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Munich, Germany.
¹⁸¹ Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
¹⁸² Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
¹⁸³ MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy.
¹⁸⁴ Infoflora c/o Botanical Garden of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁸⁵ Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India.
¹⁸⁷ Institute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF), One World Trade Center, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁸⁸ Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁸⁹ Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
¹⁹⁰ Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁹¹ Рeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.
¹⁹² University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁹³ Institution with City, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁹⁴ National Forest Centre, Zvolen, Slovak Republic.
¹⁹⁵ CNRS-UMR LEEISA, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana.
¹⁹⁶ Universite de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, Nancy, France.
¹⁹⁷ Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Indonesia.
¹⁹⁸ Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
¹⁹⁹ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Natal, Brazil.
²⁰⁰ School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
²⁰¹ Herbarium Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, UK.
²⁰² Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
²⁰³ Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA.
²⁰⁴ Ural State Forest Engineering University, Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
²⁰⁵ DIBAF Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
²⁰⁶ LINCGlobal, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
²⁰⁷ Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
²⁰⁸ Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal.
²⁰⁹ Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal.
²¹⁰ Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil.
²¹¹ Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, Brazil.
²¹² International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
²¹³ Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
²¹⁴ Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, China.
²¹⁵ Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, Kenya.
²¹⁶ Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Rastatt, Germany.
²¹⁷ Department of Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
²¹⁸ Polish State Forests-Coordination Centre for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland.
²¹⁹ Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
²²⁰ Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
²²¹ Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, DFR Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, BP, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast.
²²² Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa. chui@sun.ac.za.
²²³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa. chui@sun.ac.za.

PMID: 35941205
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01831-x

Free article

Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

Jingjing Liang et al. Nat Ecol Evol. 2022 Oct.

Free article

. 2022 Oct;6(10):1423-1437.

doi: 10.1038/s41559-022-01831-x. Epub 2022 Aug 8.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. albeca.liang@gmail.com.
² Forestry Division, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
³ GIP ECOFOR, Paris, France.
⁴ Forest Advanced Computing and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (FACAI), Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁵ Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁶ Institute for Global Change Biology, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
⁷ Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
⁸ Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
⁹ Crowther Lab, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
¹⁰ Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹¹ Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
¹² Department of Crop and Forest Sciences, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
¹³ Joint Research Unit CTFC-Agrotecnio-CERCA, Solsona, Spain.
¹⁴ Institute of Ecology and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Evironmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
¹⁵ Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Durham, NH, USA.
¹⁶ Center for Biodiversity Dynamics in a Changing World (BIOCHANGE), Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
¹⁷ Section for Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
¹⁸ School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
¹⁹ TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Gembloux Agro Bio-Tech, University of Liege, Gembloux, Belgium.
²⁰ Manaaki Whenua Landcare Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
²¹ Environmental and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam.
²² Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
²³ INP-HB (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouet-Boigny), University of Montpellier, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast.
²⁴ Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
²⁵ Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy.
²⁶ Institute of Bioeconomy, CNR, Sesto, Italy.
²⁷ Natural and Built Environments Research Centre, School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
²⁸ Biometris, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.
²⁹ Wageningen University & Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, Netherlands.
³⁰ Centre for Econics and Ecosystem Management, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Eberswalde, Germany.
³¹ School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food & Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
³² Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
³³ Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Santa Cruz, Argentina.
³⁴ Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³⁵ Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.
³⁶ University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
³⁷ Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
³⁸ University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
³⁹ Białowieża Geobotanical Station, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Białowieża, Poland.
⁴⁰ Swiss National Forest Inventory/Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland.
⁴¹ UFR Biosciences, University Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
⁴² Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴³ Biodiversity Dynamics, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
⁴⁴ Center for Latin American Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
⁴⁵ Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Trebon, Czech Republic.
⁴⁶ Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czech Republic.
⁴⁷ Escuela ECAPMA, National Open University and Distance (Colombia) | UNAD, Bogotá, Colombia.
⁴⁸ Departamento de Ingeniería Agroforestal, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo, Spain.
⁴⁹ Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
⁵⁰ Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Ivory Coast.
⁵¹ Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
⁵² Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany.
⁵³ Institut National pour l'Etude et la Recherche Agronomiques, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo.
⁵⁴ Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Forestry and Forest Resources, Ås, Norway.
⁵⁵ European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy.
⁵⁶ Compensation International Progress S.A., Bogotá, Colombia.
⁵⁷ Laboratory of Applied Ecology, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin.
⁵⁸ Scientific Services, South African National Parks, Knysna, South Africa.
⁵⁹ School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
⁶⁰ Department of Geomatics, Forest Research Institute, Sekocin Stary, Raszyn, Poland.
⁶¹ Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
⁶² Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
⁶³ Department of Environment, Universtité du Cinquantenaire de Lwiro, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
⁶⁴ Department of Environment, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁶⁵ Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
⁶⁶ Service of Wood Biology, Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.
⁶⁷ Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan, Manokwari, Indonesia.
⁶⁸ Institute of Tropical Forest Conservation, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda.
⁶⁹ Université de Liège, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Gembloux, Belgium.
⁷⁰ Integrated Center for Research, Development and Innovation in Advanced Materials, Nanotechnologies, and Distributed Systems for Fabrication and Control (MANSiD), University Stefan cel Mare of Suceava, Suceava, Romania.
⁷¹ Department of Forestry Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.
⁷² Bavarian State Institute of Forestry, Freising, Germany.
⁷³ Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.
⁷⁴ Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
⁷⁵ Institute of Biology and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
⁷⁶ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
⁷⁷ Development Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
⁷⁸ Rosen Center for Advanced Computing (RCAC), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences (BiGeA), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
⁸⁰ Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland.
⁸¹ IFER - Institute of Forest Ecosystem Research, Jilove u Prahy, Czech Republic.
⁸² Global Change Research Institute of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.
⁸³ Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas CEP, Biologia, Brazil.
⁸⁴ Dirección Nacional de Bosques (DNB), Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (MAyDS), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁸⁵ Department of International Environment and Development Studies (Noragric), Faculty of Landscape and Society, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
⁸⁶ Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK.
⁸⁷ Department of Environmental Science, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP, Guntur, India.
⁸⁸ Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Madhya Pradesh, India.
⁸⁹ Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India.
⁹⁰ Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics & Quebec Centre for Biodiversity Science, Biology Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
⁹¹ Department of Ecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
⁹² Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Entomology, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
⁹³ Cirad, UMR EcoFoG (AgroParistech, CNRS, Inrae, Université des Antilles, Université de la Guyane), Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana.
⁹⁴ Department of Geography, Environment and Geomatics, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
⁹⁵ National Forest Authority, Kampala, Uganda.
⁹⁶ Department of Silviculture Foundation, Silviculture Research Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam.
⁹⁷ Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Bohemia, Czech Republic.
⁹⁸ IPHAMETRA, IRET, CENAREST, Libreville, Gabon.
⁹⁹ Faculté de Gestion de Ressources Naturelles Renouvelables, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹⁰⁰ Queensland Herbarium, Department of Environment and Science, Toowong, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁰¹ School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
¹⁰² Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
¹⁰³ Natural Resources Institute Finland, Joensuu, Finland.
¹⁰⁴ Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
¹⁰⁵ Department of Forest Resource Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umea, Sweden.
¹⁰⁶ Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
¹⁰⁷ Herbário Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil.
¹⁰⁸ Glick Designs, LLC, Hadley, MA, USA.
¹⁰⁹ CIIDIR Durango, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Durango, Mexico.
¹¹⁰ Département des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement, Université du Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi.
¹¹¹ Faculté des Sciences, Evolutionary Biology and Ecology Unit, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
¹¹² Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
¹¹³ Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
¹¹⁴ Department of Plant Systematics, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Germany.
¹¹⁵ Helmholtz GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Section 1.4 Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics, Potsdam, Germany.
¹¹⁶ Wild Chimpanzee Foundation, Liberia Representation, Monrovia, Liberia.
¹¹⁷ Centre for Conservation Science, The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, UK.
¹¹⁸ Department of Environment, Laboratory for Wood Technology (UGent-Woodlab), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
¹¹⁹ AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
¹²⁰ Department of Forest Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan.
¹²¹ Biology Department, Université Officielle de Bukavu, Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹²² Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kórnik, Poland.
¹²³ Poznan University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Department of Game Management and Forest Protection, Poznan, Poland.
¹²⁴ Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²⁵ Plant Biology Department, Biology Institute, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil.
¹²⁶ Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
¹²⁷ Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Nkolbisson, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaounde, Cameroon.
¹²⁸ Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
¹²⁹ Forestry Faculty, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Mytischi, Russia.
¹³⁰ Integrative Research Center, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, USA.
¹³¹ Labo Botanique, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
¹³² Computational and Applied Vegetation Ecology Lab, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
¹³³ Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, Grand Junction, CO, USA.
¹³⁴ Department of Botany, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya (A Central University), Sagar, India.
¹³⁵ Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Department of Forest Resource Assessment, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹³⁶ Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁷ Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁸ National Center for Agro Meteorology, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹³⁹ Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹⁴⁰ Institute of Forestry and Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
¹⁴¹ International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
¹⁴² Department of Geoinformatics, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India.
¹⁴³ Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, Tõravere, Estonia.
¹⁴⁴ School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
¹⁴⁵ Department of Forest Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil.
¹⁴⁶ Department of Geography, University College London, London, UK.
¹⁴⁷ Plant Systematics and Ecology Laboratory (LaBosystE), Higher Teacher's Training College, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
¹⁴⁸ Laboratoire d'Écologie et Aménagement Forestier, Département d'Ecologie et de Gestion des Ressources Végétales, Université de Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo.
¹⁴⁹ Instituto de Silvicultura e Industria de la Madera, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Durango, Mexico.
¹⁵⁰ Faculty of Forestry, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
¹⁵¹ Center for Forest Ecology and Productivity RAS (CEPF RAS), Moscow, Russia.
¹⁵² Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, Silkeborg, Denmark.
¹⁵³ Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
¹⁵⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
¹⁵⁵ AgroParisTech, UMR AMAP, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Montpellier, France.
¹⁵⁶ University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁵⁷ University of York, York, UK.
¹⁵⁸ Flamingo Land Ltd., North Yorkshire, UK.
¹⁵⁹ Department of Wildlife Management, College of African Wildlife Management, Mweka, Tanzania.
¹⁶⁰ Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Headquarters, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹⁶¹ Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
¹⁶² Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA.
¹⁶³ Department of Forest Management and Forest Economics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
¹⁶⁴ Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore DC, Queensland, Australia.
¹⁶⁵ Fieldstation Fabrikschleichach, Julius-Maximilians University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
¹⁶⁶ Bavarian Forest Nationalpark, Grafenau, Germany.
¹⁶⁷ Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Papua, Jalan Gunung Salju Amban, Manokwari Papua Barat, Indonesia.
¹⁶⁸ Limbe Botanic Garden, Limbe, Cameroon.
¹⁶⁹ Institute of Forestry, Belgrade, Serbia.
¹⁷⁰ Tropical Plant Exploration Group (TroPEG), Buea, Cameroon.
¹⁷¹ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
¹⁷² Applied Biology and Ecology Research Unit, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon.
¹⁷³ Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
¹⁷⁴ UQAM, Centre for Forest Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
¹⁷⁵ V.N. Sukachev Forest Institute of FRC KSC SB RAS, Krasnoyarsk, Russia.
¹⁷⁶ Urban Management and Planning, School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.
¹⁷⁷ Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia-INPA, Grupo Ecologia. Monitoramento e Uso Sustentável de Áreas Úmidas MAUA, Manaus, Brazil.
¹⁷⁸ Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Ilhéus, Brazil.
¹⁷⁹ Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
¹⁸⁰ Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Forest Growth and Yield Science, Munich, Germany.
¹⁸¹ Centro Agricoltura, Alimenti, Ambiente, University of Trento, San Michele all'Adige, Italy.
¹⁸² Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.
¹⁸³ MUSE-Museo delle Scienze, Trento, Italy.
¹⁸⁴ Infoflora c/o Botanical Garden of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁸⁵ Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands (RIFR), Tehran, Iran.
¹⁸⁶ Department of Environmental Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ranchi, India.
¹⁸⁷ Institute of International Education Scholar Rescue Fund (IIE-SRF), One World Trade Center, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁸⁸ Centro de Modelación y Monitoreo de Ecosistemas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁸⁹ Vicerrectoría de Investigación y Postgrado, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.
¹⁹⁰ Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
¹⁹¹ Рeoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.
¹⁹² University of Freiburg, Faculty of Biology, Freiburg, Germany.
¹⁹³ Institution with City, Department of Geography, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁹⁴ National Forest Centre, Zvolen, Slovak Republic.
¹⁹⁵ CNRS-UMR LEEISA, Campus Agronomique, Kourou, French Guiana.
¹⁹⁶ Universite de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRA, Nancy, France.
¹⁹⁷ Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Situ Gede, Bogor Barat, Indonesia.
¹⁹⁸ Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
¹⁹⁹ Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Ecologia, Natal, Brazil.
²⁰⁰ School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
²⁰¹ Herbarium Kew, Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, London, UK.
²⁰² Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université de Mbujimayi, Mbujimayi, Democratic Republic of Congo.
²⁰³ Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT, USA.
²⁰⁴ Ural State Forest Engineering University, Botanical Garden, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia.
²⁰⁵ DIBAF Department, Tuscia University, Viterbo, Italy.
²⁰⁶ LINCGlobal, MNCN, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
²⁰⁷ Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University, AA Wageningen, Netherlands.
²⁰⁸ Agricultural High School, ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, IPV, Viseu, Portugal.
²⁰⁹ Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal.
²¹⁰ Department of Forest Engineering, Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau, Brazil.
²¹¹ Nucleo de Estudos e Pesquisas Ambientais, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas (UNICAMP), SP, Campinas, Brazil.
²¹² International Center for Tropical Botany, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
²¹³ Forest Research Institute, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.
²¹⁴ Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Hainan University, Sanya, China.
²¹⁵ Kenya Forestry Research Institute, Taita Taveta Research Centre, Wundanyi, Kenya.
²¹⁶ Department of Wetland Ecology, Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Rastatt, Germany.
²¹⁷ Department of Forest Management, Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname.
²¹⁸ Polish State Forests-Coordination Centre for Environmental Projects, Warsaw, Poland.
²¹⁹ Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
²²⁰ Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
²²¹ Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, DFR Eaux, Forêts et Environnement, BP, Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast.
²²² Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa. chui@sun.ac.za.
²²³ African Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Muizenberg, South Africa. chui@sun.ac.za.

PMID: 35941205
DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01831-x

Abstract

The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is one of the most recognized global patterns of species richness exhibited across a wide range of taxa. Numerous hypotheses have been proposed in the past two centuries to explain LDG, but rigorous tests of the drivers of LDGs have been limited by a lack of high-quality global species richness data. Here we produce a high-resolution (0.025° × 0.025°) map of local tree species richness using a global forest inventory database with individual tree information and local biophysical characteristics from ~1.3 million sample plots. We then quantify drivers of local tree species richness patterns across latitudes. Generally, annual mean temperature was a dominant predictor of tree species richness, which is most consistent with the metabolic theory of biodiversity (MTB). However, MTB underestimated LDG in the tropics, where high species richness was also moderated by topographic, soil and anthropogenic factors operating at local scales. Given that local landscape variables operate synergistically with bioclimatic factors in shaping the global LDG pattern, we suggest that MTB be extended to account for co-limitation by subordinate drivers.

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Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

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Co-limitation towards lower latitudes shapes global forest diversity gradients

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