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Review
. 2022 Jun 22:10:360-371.
doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.009. eCollection 2022 Sep.

NAD+ and its possible role in gut microbiota: Insights on the mechanisms by which gut microbes influence host metabolism

Zhongxiang Ren  1 , Yetong Xu  1 , Tiejun Li  2 , Weizhong Sun  1 , Zhiru Tang  1 , Yongsheng Wang  3 , Kaifeng Zhou  4 , Jigang Li  5 , Qi Ding  1 , Kaiyang Liang  1 , Liuting Wu  1 , Yulong Yin  2 , Zhihong Sun  1
Affiliations
Review

NAD+ and its possible role in gut microbiota: Insights on the mechanisms by which gut microbes influence host metabolism

Zhongxiang Ren et al. Anim Nutr. .

Abstract

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an enzyme cofactor, co-substrate, and redox factor in all living cells and is necessary for maintaining cell metabolism. It has been shown that appropriate supplementation of NAD+ precursors or inhibition of NAD+-depleting enzymes can promote mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and improve host energy utilization efficiency. In addition, increasing evidence indicates that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in host metabolism. Theoretically, there should be a close correlation among NAD+, gut microbiota, and host metabolism; however, the information is limited. In this review, we summarize the metabolic process of NAD+ and its impact on host metabolism, the link between gut microbiota and host metabolism, as well as the potential effects of NAD+ on microbial metabolism, providing a new perspective on the interaction between gut microbiota and host metabolism.

Keywords: Gut microbiota; Host metabolism; Metabolic diseases; NAD+.

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Conflict of interest statement

We declare that we have no financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that can inappropriately influence our work, and there is no professional or other personal interest of any nature or kind in any product, service and/or company that could be construed as influencing the content of this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
NAD+ metabolic pathway in mammalian cells and gut microbes. ARTs = adenosine diphosphate-ribose transferases; NA = nicotinic acid; NAD = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADK = NAD kinase; NADP = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NAM = nicotinamide; NAMN = nicotinic acid mononucleotide; NAMPT = nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; NMN = nicotinamide mononucleotide; NMNAT = nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase; NNMT = nicotinamide N-methyltransferase; NRK = nicotinamide ribose kinases; NR = nicotinamide ribose; NPRT = nicotinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase; MNA = 1-methylnicotinamide; PncA = nicotinamidase; PNP = purine nucleoside phosphorylase; QA = quinolinic acid; QPRT = quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase; SIRTs = sirtuins; SARM1 = sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The roles of NAD+ on the host metabolism and its speculated regulatory effects on gut microbiota. AMPK = AMP-activated protein kinase; BA = bile acids; FOXO = forkhead box O; NAD+ = nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; PGC1α = peroxisome proliferator receptor gamma coactivator alpha; SIRT1 = sirtuin1; SCFA = short-chain fatty acids; TMA = trimethylamine.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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