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. 2022 Jul 31;27(15):4906.
doi: 10.3390/molecules27154906.

Ultrasonic Extraction of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP) from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Using Ethanol as Solvent

Aisyah Nur Hanis Azhar  1 , Nurul Aini Amran  1   2 , Suzana Yusup  1   2 , Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff  1   2
Affiliations

Ultrasonic Extraction of 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP) from Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb. Using Ethanol as Solvent

Aisyah Nur Hanis Azhar et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is the compound that gives out the typical aroma and flavour of pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.). This research incorporates ultrasonic extraction to extract the aromatic compound in pandan leaves. The parameters varied in this study are the extraction time, sonicator amplitude, concentration of solvent and the mass of pandan leaves. The experiment was conducted using a central composite design (CCD) model generated by the response surface methodology (RSM). From the extraction process, it can be deduced that the effect of leaves' mass is comparably higher than other parameters, while sonicator amplitude gives the most negligible impact on the process. The obtained p-value was 0.0014, which was less than 0.05. The high R-squared 0.9603 and adjusted R-squared 0.8809 indicate the model is well agreed with the actual data. The optimal control variables of ultrasonic extraction of 2AP are at an extraction time of 20 min, 60% of solvent concentration, amplitude of 25% and 12.5 g of pandan leaves, which produced 60.51% of yield of the extract and 1.43 ppm of 2AP. It is found that the mass of pandan leaves and the concentration of solvent have a significant impact on the extraction process of 2AP.

Keywords: 2-Acetyl-1-Pyrroline (2AP); RSM; pandan leaves; solvent; ultrasonic extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ultrasonic probe system setup.
Figure 2
Figure 2
3D response surface plots representing the effect of response variables towards the yield of pandan extract; (a) Effect of concentration of solvent and mass of leaves towards yield of extract; (b) Effect of sonication amplitude and extraction time towards yield of extract; (c) Effect of mass of leaves and extraction time towards yield of extract; (d) Effect of sonication amplitude and concentraction of solvent towards yield of extract; (e) Effect of mass of leaves and sonication amplitude towards yield of extract.
Figure 3
Figure 3
3D response surface plots representing the effect of response variables on the concentration of 2AP obtained from pandan extract; (a) Effect of mass of leaves and extraction time towards concentration of 2AP; (b) Effect of concentration of solvent and extraction time towards the concentration of 2AP; (c) Effect of sonication amplitude and extraction time towards concentration of 2AP; (d) Effect of mass of leaves and sonication amplitude towards concentration of 2AP; (e) Effect of sonication amplitude towards concentration of 2AP; (f) Effect of mass of leaves and concentration of solvent towards concentration of 2AP.
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