Blockchain Based Delay and Energy Harvest Aware Healthcare Monitoring System in WBAN Environment

Abstract

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are a research area that supports patients with healthcare monitoring. In WBAN, the Internet of Things (IoT) is connected with WBAN for a smart/remote healthcare monitoring system in which various medical diseases are diagnosed. Quality of service (QoS), security and energy efficiency achievements are the major issues in the WBAN-IoT environment. Existing schemes for these three issues fail to achieve them since nodes are resource constrained and hence delay and the energy consumption is minimized. In this paper, a blockchain-assisted delay and energy aware healthcare monitoring (B-DEAH) system is presented in the WBAN-IoT environment. Both body sensors and environment sensors are deployed with dual sinks for emergency and periodical packet transmission. Various processes are involved in this paper, and each process is described as follows: Key registration for patients using an extended version of the PRESENT algorithm is proposed. Cluster formation and cluster head selection are implemented using spotted hyena optimizer. Then, cluster-based routing is established using the MOORA algorithm. For data transmission, the patient block agent (PBA) is deployed and authenticated using the four Q curve asymmetric algorithm. In PBA, three entities are used: classifier and queue manager, channel selector and security manager. Each entity is run by a special function, as packets are classified using two stream deep reinforcement learning (TS-DRL) into three classes: emergency, non-emergency and faulty data. Individual packets are put into a separate queue, which is called emergency, periodical and faulty. Each queue is handled using Reyni entropy. Periodical packets are forwarded by a separate channel without any interference using a multi objective based channel selection algorithm. Then, all packets are encrypted and forwarded to the sink nodes. Simulation is conducted using the OMNeT++ network simulator, in which diverse parameters are evaluated and compared with several existing works in terms of network throughput for periodic (41.75 Kbps) and emergency packets (42.5 Kbps); end-to-end delay for periodic (0.036 s) and emergency packets (0.028 s); packet loss rate (1.1%); residual energy in terms of simulation rounds based on periodic (0.039 J) and emergency packets (0.044 J) and in terms of simulation time based on periodic (8.35 J) and emergency packets (8.53 J); success rate for periodic (87.83%) and emergency packets (87.5%); authentication time (3.25 s); and reliability (87.83%).

Keywords: blockchain; internet of things; quality of service (QoS); secure cluster based routing; wireless body area networks.

Figure 1

System architecture.

Figure 2

Security evaluation for WBAN.

Figure 3

TS-DNN environment.

Figure 4

Extended version of PRESENT algorithm.

Figure 5

Network topology.

Figure 6

OMNeT++ simulation environment for multiple ban and body sensors in single ban.

Figure 7

Block diagram for CVD patients diagnosis.

Figure 8

Network throughput vs. simulation rounds (emergency packets).

Figure 9

Network throughput vs. simulation rounds (periodic packets).

Figure 10

End-to-end delay vs. simulation rounds (emergency packets).

Figure 11

End-to-end delay vs. simulation rounds (periodic packets.

Figure 12

Packet loss rate vs. simulation rounds.

Figure 13

Authentication time vs. number of nodes.

Figure 14

Residual energy vs. simulation rounds (emergency packets).

Figure 15

Residual energy vs. simulation rounds (periodic packets).

Figure 16

Residual energy vs. simulation time (s) (emergency packets).

Figure 17

Residual energy vs. simulation time (s) (periodic packets).

Figure 18

Success rate vs. simulation time (emergency packets).

Figure 19

Success rate vs. simulation time (periodic packets).

Figure 20

Reliability vs. packets per second.