Prevalence of myopia: A large-scale population-based study among children and adolescents in weifang, china

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of myopia among school-aged children and adolescents at the whole city level of Weifang, China.

Methods: This study was a large scale school-based cross-sectional study among children and adolescents aged 5-20 years old. Participants were selected by the school-based registration system in 2020. All the subjects underwent spherical equivalent (SE) error with non-cycloplegic autorefraction measurement. Myopia was defined as an SE refraction of ≤-0.75 diopters (D) and graded into low myopia (-0.75 to -3.00 D), moderate myopia (-3.01 to -5.99 D), and high myopia (≤-6.00 D).

Results: A total of 1,059,838 participants were eligible for this survey and 1,013,206 (95.6% participation rate) were selected through data quality control, which comprised 17 districts/counties and 1,254 schools, including 861 elementary schools, 313 middle schools, and 80 high schools. The mean age of participants was 11.57 ± 3.36 years (5-20 years), and the male-to-female ratio was 1.11. The whole city-level prevalence of total myopia was 75.35%. The prevalence of total myopia among the students in the Hanting District was 45.47%, but ≈82.37% of students living in Changyi have myopia. The overall prevalence of low myopia in elementary, middle, and high school students was 48.56, 47.30, and 31.62%, respectively, while high myopia (SE ≤ -6.00 D) prevalence was 1.12, 8.89, and 20.12%, respectively. The overall prevalence of myopia increased fastest in children aged 7-9 years old. The prevalence of high myopia was 7.59% for girls and 6.43% for boys, respectively (p < 0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with increasing age and grade, but SE decreased with increasing age and grade.

Conclusions: The current investigation demonstrated a high proportion of myopia among school students in the city of Weifang, and gradually increased with age, and the prevalence of myopia was the highest in Changyi areas. The high myopia prevalence for girls was higher than that in boys.

Keywords: cross-sectional studies; large scale; myopia; prevalence; students.

Figure 1

Myopia and high myopia prevalence of different regions in Weifang. (A) Myopia prevalence in 16 regions. (B) The myopia prevalence of different regions by school levels. (C) High myopia (spherical equivalent, SE ≤ −6.00 D) prevalence of different regions by school levels. (D) High myopia (SE ≤ −5.00 D) prevalence of different regions by school levels.

Figure 2

Spherical equivalent (SE) distribution and myopia prevalence of different ages and grades. (A) SE distribution for school students by age. (B) Myopia prevalence for school students by age. (C) SE distribution for school students of different grades. (D) Myopia prevalence for school students of different grades. High myopia_1: SE ≤ −6.00 D; High myopia_2: SE ≤ −5.00 D.