Selective delivery of pentamidine toward cancer cells by self-assembled nanoparticles

Abstract

Pentamidine (PTM) is an aromatic diamidine approved for the treatment of parasitic infections that has been recently proposed for possible repositioning as an anticancer drug. To this aim, efforts have been made to improve its therapeutic efficacy and reduce associated adverse effects through both covalent derivatization and association with nanocarriers. To efficiently encapsulate PTM into biocompatible nanoparticles and to enhance its selectivity toward cancer cells, a squalene (SQ) derivative (1,1',2-tris-norsqualenoic acid, SQ-COOH) was selected to prepare PTM-loaded nanocarriers. Indeed, SQ and its derivatives self-assemble into nanoparticles in aqueous media. Furthermore, SQ-bioconjugates strongly interact with low-density lipoproteins (LDL), thus favoring preferential accumulation in cells overexpressing the LDL receptor (LDLR). We report here the preparation of nanocarriers by ion-pairing between the negatively charged SQ-COOH and the positively charged PTM free base (PTM-B), which allowed the covalent grafting of SQ to PTM to be avoided. The nanoparticles were characterized (mean size < 200 nm and zeta potential < -20 mV for SQ-COOH/PTM-B 3:1 molar ratio) and molecular modelling studies of the SQ-COOH/PTM-B interaction confirmed the nanocarrier stability. Finally, the ability to indirectly target LDLR-overexpressing cancer cells was evaluated by in vitro cell viability assays and confirmed by LDLR silencing, serum privation and simvastatin treatment.

Keywords: Cancer cells; Low-density lipoprotein receptor; Molecular modelling; Nanoparticles; Pentamidine; Squalene.