I have received research funding to my institution from Novartis and Bristol Myers Squib (unrelated to this topic); consulting fees for participation in advisory committees in providing scientific guidance regarding the clinical development of thalassaemia programmes and the phase 3 studies from Agios Pharmaceuticals (related to mitapivat; fees paid to my institution); consulting fees from Bristol Myers Squib, Crispr/Vertex, Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, and Vifor (related to other treatments for thalassaemia; fees are paid to my institution); honoraria for lectures on the treatment of thalassaemia and sickle cell disease from Bristol Myers Squib, Crispr/Vertex, Chiesi, and Novartis; and travel support for attending meetings from Bristol Myers Squib.