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Review
. 2022 Apr 6:3:768408.
doi: 10.3389/falgy.2022.768408. eCollection 2022.

Nasal Cytology: A Easy Diagnostic Tool in Precision Medicine for Inflammation in Epithelial Barrier Damage in the Nose. A Perspective Mini Review

Cristiano Caruso  1   2 , Rossana Giancaspro  3 , Giuseppe Guida  4 , Alberto Macchi  5 , Massimo Landi  6 , Enrico Heffler  7   8 , Matteo Gelardi  3
Affiliations
Review

Nasal Cytology: A Easy Diagnostic Tool in Precision Medicine for Inflammation in Epithelial Barrier Damage in the Nose. A Perspective Mini Review

Cristiano Caruso et al. Front Allergy. .

Abstract

Nasal cytology is a diagnostic tool that can be used in precision rhinology medicine. Particularly in non-allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis forms it can be useful to evaluate biomarkers of both surgical or biological therapy and especially in the follow-up it must be used to predict the prognostic index of recurrence of nasal polyposis. All inflammatory cytokines are also linked to the presence of cells such as eosinophils and mastcells and nasal cytology is a non-invasive and repeatable method to assess the situation in real life.

Keywords: NARES; biomarker; chronic rhinosinusitis; nasal cytology; non-allergic rhinitis; precision medicine.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Nasal cytology of NARES. E, eosinophil; D, degranulation; Cm, calicifom mucous cells. MGG staining. Magnification 1000x.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Nasal cytology of NARMA. M, mast cell; D, Degranulation; Ci, ciliated cell. MGG staining. Magnification 1000x.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Nasal cytology of NARESMA. E, eosinophil; M, mast cell; D, degranulation. MGG staining. Magnification 1000x.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Nasal cytology of AR. E, eosinophil; N, neutrophils; L, lymphocytes; D, degranulation. MGG staining. Magnification 1000x.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Nasal cytology in a patient with CRSwNP, showing “cyan” spots. Bi, biofilm. MGG staining. Magnification 1000x.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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