Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2023;9(1):83-96.
doi: 10.1007/s40883-022-00271-0. Epub 2022 Aug 8.

Advancement of Organoid Technology in Regenerative Medicine

Babak Arjmand  1 , Zahra Rabbani  1 , Faezeh Soveyzi  1 , Akram Tayanloo-Beik  1 , Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani  2 , Mahmood Biglar  3 , Hossein Adibi  4 , Bagher Larijani  3
Affiliations
Review

Advancement of Organoid Technology in Regenerative Medicine

Babak Arjmand et al. Regen Eng Transl Med. 2023.

Abstract

Purpose: Organoids are three-dimensional cultures of stem cells in an environment similar to the body's extracellular matrix. This is also a novel development in the realm of regenerative medicine. Stem cells can begin to develop into 3D structures by modifying signaling pathways. To form organoids, stem cells are transplanted into the extracellular matrix. Organoids have provided the required technologies to reproduce human tissues. As a result, it might be used in place of animal models in scientific study. The key goals of these investigations are research into viral and genetic illnesses, malignancies, and extracellular vesicles, pharmaceutical discovery, and organ transplantation. Organoids can help pave the road for precision medicine through genetic editing, pharmaceutical development, and cell therapy.

Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were used to search for all relevant papers written in English (1907-2021). The study abstracts were scrutinized. Studies on the use of stem-cell-derived organoids in regenerative medicine, organoids as 3D culture models for EVs analysis, and organoids for precision medicine were included. Articles with other irrelevant aims, meetings, letters, commentaries, congress and conference abstracts, and articles with no available full texts were excluded.

Results: According to the included studies, organoids have various origins, types, and applications in regenerative and precision medicine, as well as an important role in studying extracellular vesicles.

Conclusion: Organoids are considered a bridge that connects preclinical studies to clinical ones. However, the lack of a standardized protocol and other barriers addressed in this review, hinder the vast use of this technology.

Lay summary: Organoids are 3D stem cell propagations in biological or synthetic scaffolds that mimic ECM to allow intercellular or matrix-cellular crosstalk. Because these structures are similar to organs in the body, they can be used as research models. Organoids are medicine's future hope for organ transplantation, tumor biobank formation, and the development of precision medicine. Organoid models can be used to study cell-to-cell interactions as well as effective factors like inflammation and aging. Bioengineering technologies are also used to define the size, shape, and composition of organoids before transforming them into precise structures. Finally, the importance of organoid applications in regenerative medicine has opened a new window for a better understanding of biological research, as discussed in this study.

Keywords: Organoid; Precision medicine; Regenerative medicine; Stem cells.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Competing InterestsThe authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Stem cells and differentiated organoids. Stem cells have the ability to transform into any types of tissues and different types of them can produce endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm in different conditions [104]
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Stem cell effects via EVs in an organoid model. As shown in the picture, the three major subgroups of Evs include microvesicles, exosomes, and apoptotic bodies. Since the stem cells are very dynamic, they can obtain Evs such as exosomes [129]. According to the mentioned applications of EVs, they can be used as nanoparticles in organoid models to make them more efficient [130, 131]. EVs: extracellular vesicles
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Kim J, Koo B-K, Knoblich JA. Human organoids: model systems for human biology and medicine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(10):571–584. doi: 10.1038/s41580-020-0259-3. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rossi G, Manfrin A, Lutolf MP. Progress and potential in organoid research. Nat Rev Genet. 2018;19(11):671–687. doi: 10.1038/s41576-018-0051-9. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Kratochvil MJ, et al. Engineered materials for organoid systems. Nat Rev Mater. 2019;4(9):606–622. doi: 10.1038/s41578-019-0129-9. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Simian M, Bissell MJ. Organoids: a historical perspective of thinking in three dimensions. J Cell Biol. 2017;216(1):31–40. doi: 10.1083/jcb.201610056. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Leach TS, et al. et al. Chapter 83 - Tissue organoid models and applications. In: Lanza R, et al.et al., editors. Principles of Tissue Engineering. 5. Academic Press; 2020. pp. 1537–1549.

LinkOut - more resources