Public views of and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic in England: a qualitative study with diverse ethnicities

Abstract

Objectives: To explore public reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic across diverse ethnic groups.

Design: Remote qualitative interviews and focus groups in English or Punjabi. Data were transcribed and analysed through inductive thematic analysis.

Setting: England and Wales, June to October 2020.

Participants: 100 participants from 19 diverse 'self-identified' ethnic groups.

Results: Dismay, frustration and altruism were reported across all ethnic groups during the first 6-9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Dismay was caused by participants' reported individual, family and community risks, and loss of support networks. Frustration was caused by reported lack of recognition of the efforts of ethnic minority groups (EMGs), inaction by government to address COVID-19 and inequalities, rule breaking by government advisors, changing government rules around: border controls, personal protective equipment, social distancing, eating out, and perceived poor communication around COVID-19 and the Public Health England COVID-19 disparities report (leading to reported increased racism and social isolation). Altruism was felt by all, in the resilience of National Health Service (NHS) staff and their communities and families pulling together. Data, participants' suggested actions and the behaviour change wheel informed suggested interventions and policies to help control COVID-19.

Conclusion: To improve trust and compliance future reports or guidance should clearly explain any stated differences in health outcomes by ethnicity or other risk group, including specific messages for these groups and concrete actions to minimise any risks. Messaging should reflect the uncertainty in data or advice and how guidance may change going forward as new evidence becomes available. A contingency plan is needed to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 across all communities including EMGs, the vulnerable and socially disadvantaged individuals, in preparation for any rise in cases and for future pandemics. Equality across ethnicities for healthcare is essential, and the NHS and local communities will need to be supported to attain this.

Keywords: COVID-19; mental health; qualitative research.

Figure 1

Reported factors contributing to the frustration, dismay and altruism discussed by participants, and suggested actions placed within the behaviour change model as policies and interventions. HCW, healthcare worker; IT, information technology; MEG, minority ethnic group; NHS, National Health Service; PHE, Public Health England; PPE, personal protective equipment.