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. 2022 Oct;79(10):2288-2297.
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18101. Epub 2022 Aug 18.

Nocturnal Hypertension in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease Is Common and Associated With Progression to Kidney Replacement Therapy

Monica L Guzman-Limon  1 , Shuai Jiang  2 , Derek Ng  2 , Joseph T Flynn  3 , Bradley Warady  4 , Susan L Furth  5 , Joshua A Samuels  1 ; Chronic Kidney Disease in Children study*
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Nocturnal Hypertension in Children With Chronic Kidney Disease Is Common and Associated With Progression to Kidney Replacement Therapy

Monica L Guzman-Limon et al. Hypertension. 2022 Oct.

Abstract

Background: Nocturnal hypertension is a risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression among adults. In children, effects of nocturnal hypertension on CKD progression is less studied.

Methods: We investigated the relationships between nocturnal, daytime, or sustained hypertension and progression to kidney replacement therapy in children using Cox proportional hazards models. Nocturnal and diurnal hypertension respectively defined as: mean blood pressure >95th percentile and/or load >25% for either systolic or diastolic blood pressure within sleep or wake periods.

Results: One thousand five hundred seventy-seven ambulatory blood pressure monitoring studies from 701 CKiD participants were reviewed. Nighttime, daytime, and both types of hypertension were 19%, 7%, and 33%, respectively. Participants with both daytime and nocturnal hypertension had the highest risk of kidney replacement therapy. Among children with CKD, compared with those who were normotensive, those with isolated nocturnal hypertension had a hazard ratio of 1.49 ([CI, 0.97-2.28]; P=0.068) while those with both daytime and nocturnal hypertension had a HR of 2.23 ([CI, 1.60-3.11]; P<0.001) when adjusted for age, race, sex, and baseline proteinuria and glomerular filtration. Estimates for risk were similar among glomerular and nonglomerular participants but not significant in glomerular due to smaller sample size.

Conclusions: The presence of both daytime and nocturnal hypertension is significantly associated with risk of kidney replacement therapy. Our study confirms the utility of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with CKD. Identifying and controlling both daytime and nocturnal hypertension using ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may improve outcomes and delay CKD progression in this population.

Keywords: chronic kidney disease; circadian rhythm; hypertension; pediatrics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures

The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Proportion free of event by wake/sleep ambulatory hypertension status, stratified by CKD diagnosis
a) All participants b) Non-glomerular c) Glomerular
Figure 2:
Figure 2:. Reproducibility of consecutive ABPM in the CKiD Study
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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