Ion absorption, distribution and salt tolerance threshold of three willow species under salt stress

Abstract

To investigate the response mechanism and salt tolerance threshold of three willow seedlings (Salix matsudana, Salix gordejevii, Salix linearistipularis), the absorption, transport and distribution of salt ions (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺) were studied under hydroponic conditions with different salt concentrations (CK, 171, 342, 513, and 684 mm) and treatment times (1, 3, 5, 8, 11, and 15 days). Salix linearistipularis has the weakest ability to maintain its apparent shape, while Salix matsudana has the strongest ability. The three plants have a certain Na⁺ interception ability, and the interception abilities of Salix matsudana and Salix gordejevii are higher than that of Salix linearistipularis. The leaf S _AK,Na of Salix linearistipularis were higher than those of Salix matsudana and Salix gordejevii. The leaf selection ability was the highest, and the selection ability of the root system was the lowest in Salix linearistipularis. The long-term low salt concentration and the short-term high salt concentration can increase the root and leaf salinity. Salix matsudana grows more stably in a long-term high-salt stress environment, and Salix gordejevii grows stably in a short-term high-salt stress environment. However, Salix linearistipularis is more suitable for planting as an indicative plant because of its sensitivity to salt stress. The root Na⁺ content of Salix matsudana and Salix gordejevii was 34.21 mg/g, which was the maximum root retention capacity. Once the accumulation of Na⁺ content in roots exceeds this value, the rejection capacity of roots is broken through, and the selective ion absorption capacity will rapidly become weak, which easily leads to the death of plants.

Keywords: NaCl stress; Salix gordejevii; Salix linearistipularis; Salix matsudana; ion absorption; salt tolerance mechanism; threshold; transport and distribution.

FIGURE 1

Design of three willows experimental treatment.

FIGURE 2

Phenotypic response of three willow seedlings to salt stress. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii.

FIGURE 3

Effects of salt stress on Na⁺, Ca²⁺, and K⁺ contents in roots and leaves of three willows. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii.

FIGURE 4

Ratios of Na⁺, Ca²⁺, K⁺ to CK in roots/leaves of three willows under salt stress. Ratio of Na⁺ to CK in roots/leaves of three willows. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii. Ratio of K⁺ to CK in roots/leaves of three willows. (D) Salix linearistipularis; (E) Salix matsudana; (F) Salix gordejevii. Ratio of Ca²⁺ to CK in roots/leaves of three willows. (G) Salix linearistipularis; (H) Salix matsudana; (I) Salix gordejevii. Different small letters indicate significant differences between treatments at 0.05 level among treatment.

FIGURE 5

Changes of K⁺ absorption and transport in roots and leaves of three willow species. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii.

FIGURE 6

Changes of Ca²⁺ absorption and transport in roots and leaves of three willow species. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii.

FIGURE 7

Effects of salt stress on Na⁺/K⁺ in roots and leaves of three willow species. Changes of Na⁺/K⁺ in roots and leaves of three willow species. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii.

FIGURE 8

Effects of salt stress on Na⁺/Ca²⁺ in roots and leaves of three willow species. (A) Salix linearistipularis; (B) Salix matsudana; (C) Salix gordejevii.

FIGURE 9

Correlation of Na⁺, Na⁺/K⁺, and Na⁺/Ca²⁺ in roots and leaves of three willows under salt stress. (A) Na⁺ correlation; (B) Na⁺/K⁺ correlation; (C) Na⁺/Ca²⁺ correlation.