Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology

Samantha Andrzejaczek¹, Tim C D Lucas², Maurice C Goodman¹, Nigel E Hussey³, Amelia J Armstrong⁴, Aaron Carlisle⁵, Daniel M Coffey⁶, Adrian C Gleiss^{7

8}, Charlie Huveneers⁹, David M P Jacoby^{10

11}, Mark G Meekan¹², Johann Mourier^{13

14}, Lauren R Peel^{15

16}, Kátya Abrantes^{17

18}, André S Afonso^{19

20}, Matthew J Ajemian²¹, Brooke N Anderson²², Scot D Anderson²³, Gonzalo Araujo^{24

25}, Asia O Armstrong⁴, Pascal Bach²⁶, Adam Barnett^{17

18}, Mike B Bennett⁴, Natalia A Bezerra^{20

27}, Ramon Bonfil^{28

29}, Andre M Boustany^{23

30}, Heather D Bowlby³¹, Ilka Branco²⁰, Camrin D Braun³², Edward J Brooks³³, Judith Brown³⁴, Patrick J Burke¹³, Paul Butcher³⁵, Michael Castleton¹, Taylor K Chapple³⁶, Olivier Chateau³⁷, Maurice Clarke³⁸, Rui Coelho^{39

40}, Enric Cortes⁴¹, Lydie I E Couturier⁴², Paul D Cowley⁴³, Donald A Croll⁴⁴, Juan M Cuevas^{45

46}, Tobey H Curtis⁴⁷, Laurent Dagorn²⁶, Jonathan J Dale¹, Ryan Daly^{43

48}, Heidi Dewar⁴⁹, Philip D Doherty^{50

51}, Andrés Domingo⁵², Alistair D M Dove⁵³, Michael Drew^{9

54}, Christine L Dudgeon^{4

55}, Clinton A J Duffy⁵⁶, Riley G Elliott⁵⁷, Jim R Ellis⁵⁸, Mark V Erdmann⁵⁹, Thomas J Farrugia^{60

61}, Luciana C Ferreira¹², Francesco Ferretti⁶², John D Filmalter⁴³, Brittany Finucci⁶³, Chris Fischer⁶⁴, Richard Fitzpatrick^{18

65}, Fabien Forget²⁶, Kerstin Forsberg^{66

67}, Malcolm P Francis⁶³, Bryan R Franks⁶⁸, Austin J Gallagher⁶⁹, Felipe Galvan-Magana⁷⁰, Mirta L García^{71

72}, Troy F Gaston⁷³, Bronwyn M Gillanders⁷⁴, Matthew J Gollock¹¹, Jonathan R Green⁷⁵, Sofia Green⁷⁵, Christopher A Griffiths^{58

76

77}, Neil Hammerschlag⁷⁸, Abdi Hasan⁷⁹, Lucy A Hawkes⁸⁰, Fabio Hazin²⁰, Matthew Heard^{9

54

81}, Alex Hearn^{67

75

82}, Kevin J Hedges⁸³, Suzanne M Henderson⁸⁴, John Holdsworth⁸⁵, Kim N Holland⁸⁶, Lucy A Howey^{87

88}, Robert E Hueter^{64

89}, Nicholas E Humphries⁹⁰, Melanie Hutchinson^{86

91}, Fabrice R A Jaine^{13

92}, Salvador J Jorgensen⁹³, Paul E Kanive⁹⁴, Jessica Labaja⁹⁵, Fernanda O Lana²⁰, Hugo Lassauce^{15

96

97}, Rebecca S Lipscombe⁹⁸, Fiona Llewellyn¹¹, Bruno C L Macena^{20

99}, Ronald Mambrasar⁷⁹, Jaime D McAllister¹⁰⁰, Sophy R McCully Phillips⁵⁸, Frazer McGregor¹⁰¹, Matthew N McMillan^{74

102}, Lianne M McNaughton¹⁰³, Sibele A Mendonça²⁰, Carl G Meyer⁸⁶, Megan Meyers¹², John A Mohan¹⁰⁴, John C Montgomery⁵⁷, Gonzalo Mucientes^{105

106}, Michael K Musyl¹⁰⁷, Nicole Nasby-Lucas^{49

93}, Lisa J Natanson¹⁰⁸, John B O'Sullivan²³, Paulo Oliveira²⁰, Yannis P Papastamtiou¹⁰⁹, Toby A Patterson¹¹⁰, Simon J Pierce¹¹¹, Nuno Queiroz^{106

112}, Craig A Radford⁵⁷, Andy J Richardson³⁴, Anthony J Richardson^{113

114}, David Righton^{58

115}, Christoph A Rohner¹¹¹, Mark A Royer⁸⁶, Ryan A Saunders¹¹⁶, Matthias Schaber¹¹⁷, Robert J Schallert¹, Michael C Scholl^{118

119

120}, Andrew C Seitz⁶⁰, Jayson M Semmens¹⁰⁰, Edy Setyawan^{15

57}, Brendan D Shea^{62

69}, Rafid A Shidqi^{121

122}, George L Shillinger^{1

67

123}, Oliver N Shipley⁶⁹, Mahmood S Shivji¹²⁴, Abraham B Sianipar⁷, Joana F Silva⁵⁸, David W Sims^{90

125}, Gregory B Skomal¹²⁶, Lara L Sousa¹²⁷, Emily J Southall⁹⁰, Julia L Y Spaet¹²⁸, Kilian M Stehfest¹²⁹, Guy Stevens¹⁵, Joshua D Stewart^{15

130}, James A Sulikowski²², Ismail Syakurachman⁷⁹, Simon R Thorrold³², Michele Thums¹², David Tickler¹³¹, Mariana T Tolloti²⁶, Kathy A Townsend¹³², Paulo Travassos²⁰, John P Tyminski^{64

89}, Jeremy J Vaudo¹²⁴, Drausio Veras¹³³, Laurent Wantiez⁹⁶, Sam B Weber^{34

51}, R J David Wells¹³⁴, Kevin C Weng¹³⁵, Bradley M Wetherbee^{124

136}, Jane E Williamson¹³, Matthew J Witt^{50

80}, Serena Wright⁵⁸, Kelly Zilliacus⁴⁴, Barbara A Block¹, David J Curnick¹¹

Affiliations

¹ Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
² Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
³ Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
⁴ School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
⁵ School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA.
⁶ Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
⁷ Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁸ Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁹ Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
¹⁰ Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
¹¹ Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
¹² Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia.
¹³ School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁴ UMS 3514 Plateforme Marine Stella Mare, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli, Biguglia, France.
¹⁵ The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK.
¹⁶ Save Our Seas Foundation-D'Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁷ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
¹⁸ Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
¹⁹ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
²⁰ Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
²¹ Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
²² New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
²³ Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA.
²⁴ Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
²⁵ Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, UK.
²⁶ MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France.
²⁷ Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
²⁸ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)-Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
²⁹ Océanos Vivientes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico.
³⁰ Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
³¹ Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada.
³² Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
³³ Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, The Bahamas.
³⁴ Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK.
³⁵ NSW Department of Primary Industries-Fisheries Research, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
³⁶ Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
³⁷ Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Aquarium des Lagons, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
³⁸ Marine Institute, Oranmore, Galway, Ireland.
³⁹ Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Olhão, Algarve, Portugal.
⁴⁰ Centre of Marine Sciences of the Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal.
⁴¹ Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Panama City, FL, USA.
⁴² France Energies Marines, Environmental Integration Programme, Plouzané, France.
⁴³ South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa.
⁴⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
⁴⁵ Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁶ División Zoología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁷ Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Management Division, NOAA Fisheries, Gloucester, MA, USA.
⁴⁸ Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
⁴⁹ Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁵⁰ Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
⁵¹ Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
⁵² Laboratorio de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁵³ Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵⁴ SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁵⁵ School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
⁵⁶ Marine Species Team, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁷ Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁸ Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK.
⁵⁹ Conservation International Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁶⁰ College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
⁶¹ Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA.
⁶² Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
⁶³ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand.
⁶⁴ OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA.
⁶⁵ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
⁶⁶ Planeta Océano, Lima, Peru.
⁶⁷ Migramar, Forest Knolls, CA, USA.
⁶⁸ Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
⁶⁹ Beneath the Waves, Herndon, VA, USA.
⁷⁰ Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
⁷¹ Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷² Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷³ College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁴ Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁷⁵ Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador.
⁷⁶ Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁷⁷ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden.
⁷⁸ Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
⁷⁹ Yayasan Konservasi Indonesia, Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia.
⁸⁰ College of Life and Environmental Science, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.
⁸¹ Conservation and Wildlife Branch, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁸² Galapagos Science Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
⁸³ Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
⁸⁴ NatureScot, Inverness, Scotland.
⁸⁵ Blue Water Marine Research, Tutukaka, New Zealand.
⁸⁶ Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA.
⁸⁷ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁸ Haiti Ocean Project, Petite Riviere de Nippes, Haiti.
⁸⁹ Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
⁹⁰ The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK.
⁹¹ Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu, HI, USA.
⁹² Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
⁹³ Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
⁹⁴ Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
⁹⁵ Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines.
⁹⁶ ISEA, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
⁹⁷ Conservation International New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
⁹⁸ National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
⁹⁹ Okeanos Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Faial, Portugal.
¹⁰⁰ Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
¹⁰¹ Murdoch University Field Station, Coral Bay, WA, Australia.
¹⁰² Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹⁰³ TissueGrab Biopsy Systems LLC, Honolulu, HI, USA.
¹⁰⁴ School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Instituto de Investigacions Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
¹⁰⁶ CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal.
¹⁰⁷ Pelagic Research Group LLC, Honolulu, HI, USA.
¹⁰⁸ NOAA/NMFS Apex Predators Program, Narragansett, RI, USA.
¹⁰⁹ Institute of the Environment, Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
¹¹⁰ CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
¹¹¹ Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA.
¹¹² BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairao, Portugal.
¹¹³ School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁴ CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁵ School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
¹¹⁶ British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge Cambridgeshire, UK.
¹¹⁷ Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, Bimini, The Bahamas.
¹¹⁹ IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Gland, Vaud, Switzerland.
¹²⁰ Aquarium-Muséum Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.
¹²¹ Coastal Science and Policy Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
¹²² Thresher Shark Project Indonesia, Alor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
¹²³ Upwell, Monterey, CA, USA.
¹²⁴ Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
¹²⁵ Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
¹²⁶ Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, MA, USA.
¹²⁷ Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
¹²⁸ Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK.
¹²⁹ David Suzuki Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹³⁰ Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
¹³¹ Marine Futures Lab, School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
¹³² School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Hervey Bay, QLD, Australia.
¹³³ Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil.
¹³⁴ Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹³⁵ Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA.
¹³⁶ University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.

PMID: 35984887
PMCID: PMC9390984
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1754

Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology

Samantha Andrzejaczek et al. Sci Adv. 2022.

. 2022 Aug 19;8(33):eabo1754.

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1754. Epub 2022 Aug 19.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA, USA.
² Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
³ Department of Integrative Biology, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.
⁴ School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
⁵ School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE, USA.
⁶ Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA.
⁷ Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Ecosystems, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁸ Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.
⁹ Southern Shark Ecology Group, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
¹⁰ Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
¹¹ Zoological Society of London, London, UK.
¹² Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia.
¹³ School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
¹⁴ UMS 3514 Plateforme Marine Stella Mare, Université de Corse Pasquale Paoli, Biguglia, France.
¹⁵ The Manta Trust, Catemwood House, Corscombe, Dorset, UK.
¹⁶ Save Our Seas Foundation-D'Arros Research Centre, Geneva, Switzerland.
¹⁷ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia.
¹⁸ Biopixel Oceans Foundation, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
¹⁹ Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
²⁰ Departamento de Pesca e Aquicultura, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil.
²¹ Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, FL, USA.
²² New College of Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
²³ Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA.
²⁴ Environmental Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
²⁵ Marine Research and Conservation Foundation, Lydeard St Lawrence, Somerset, UK.
²⁶ MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Sète, France.
²⁷ Departamento de Oceanografia e Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
²⁸ El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR)-Unidad Chetumal, Chetumal, Quintana Roo, Mexico.
²⁹ Océanos Vivientes A.C., Mexico City, Mexico.
³⁰ Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
³¹ Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, NS, Canada.
³² Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA.
³³ Cape Eleuthera Institute, Eleuthera, The Bahamas.
³⁴ Ascension Island Government Conservation and Fisheries Department, Georgetown, Ascension Island, UK.
³⁵ NSW Department of Primary Industries-Fisheries Research, National Marine Science Centre, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
³⁶ Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
³⁷ Laboratory of Marine Biology and Ecology, Aquarium des Lagons, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
³⁸ Marine Institute, Oranmore, Galway, Ireland.
³⁹ Portuguese Institute for the Ocean and Atmosphere, I.P. (IPMA), Olhão, Algarve, Portugal.
⁴⁰ Centre of Marine Sciences of the Algarve, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Algarve, Portugal.
⁴¹ Southeast Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, Panama City, FL, USA.
⁴² France Energies Marines, Environmental Integration Programme, Plouzané, France.
⁴³ South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda, South Africa.
⁴⁴ Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
⁴⁵ Wildlife Conservation Society Argentina, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁶ División Zoología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁴⁷ Atlantic Highly Migratory Species Management Division, NOAA Fisheries, Gloucester, MA, USA.
⁴⁸ Oceanographic Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
⁴⁹ Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, CA, USA.
⁵⁰ Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
⁵¹ Centre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
⁵² Laboratorio de Recursos Pelágicos, Dirección Nacional de Recursos Acuáticos (DINARA), Montevideo, Uruguay.
⁵³ Research and Conservation Department, Georgia Aquarium, Atlanta, GA, USA.
⁵⁴ SARDI Aquatic Sciences, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁵⁵ School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia.
⁵⁶ Marine Species Team, Department of Conservation, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁷ Institute of Marine Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁵⁸ Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK.
⁵⁹ Conservation International Aotearoa, Auckland, New Zealand.
⁶⁰ College of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA.
⁶¹ Alaska Ocean Observing System, Anchorage, AK, USA.
⁶² Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
⁶³ National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand.
⁶⁴ OCEARCH, Park City, UT, USA.
⁶⁵ College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.
⁶⁶ Planeta Océano, Lima, Peru.
⁶⁷ Migramar, Forest Knolls, CA, USA.
⁶⁸ Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
⁶⁹ Beneath the Waves, Herndon, VA, USA.
⁷⁰ Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico.
⁷¹ Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de la Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷² Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
⁷³ College of Engineering, Science and Environment, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia.
⁷⁴ Southern Seas Ecology Laboratories, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁷⁵ Galapagos Whale Shark Project, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos, Ecuador.
⁷⁶ Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
⁷⁷ Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Institute of Marine Research, Lysekil, Sweden.
⁷⁸ Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
⁷⁹ Yayasan Konservasi Indonesia, Sorong, West Papua, Indonesia.
⁸⁰ College of Life and Environmental Science, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, UK.
⁸¹ Conservation and Wildlife Branch, Department for Environment and Water, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
⁸² Galapagos Science Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador.
⁸³ Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
⁸⁴ NatureScot, Inverness, Scotland.
⁸⁵ Blue Water Marine Research, Tutukaka, New Zealand.
⁸⁶ Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Kaneohe, HI, USA.
⁸⁷ Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
⁸⁸ Haiti Ocean Project, Petite Riviere de Nippes, Haiti.
⁸⁹ Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, FL, USA.
⁹⁰ The Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK.
⁹¹ Joint Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, Honolulu, HI, USA.
⁹² Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
⁹³ Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
⁹⁴ Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
⁹⁵ Large Marine Vertebrates Research Institute Philippines, Jagna, Bohol, Philippines.
⁹⁶ ISEA, University of New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
⁹⁷ Conservation International New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
⁹⁸ National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia.
⁹⁹ Okeanos Centre, University of the Azores, Horta, Faial, Portugal.
¹⁰⁰ Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
¹⁰¹ Murdoch University Field Station, Coral Bay, WA, Australia.
¹⁰² Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
¹⁰³ TissueGrab Biopsy Systems LLC, Honolulu, HI, USA.
¹⁰⁴ School of Marine and Environmental Programs, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, USA.
¹⁰⁵ Instituto de Investigacions Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
¹⁰⁶ CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, Vairao, Portugal.
¹⁰⁷ Pelagic Research Group LLC, Honolulu, HI, USA.
¹⁰⁸ NOAA/NMFS Apex Predators Program, Narragansett, RI, USA.
¹⁰⁹ Institute of the Environment, Department of Biological Science, Florida International University, North Miami, FL, USA.
¹¹⁰ CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
¹¹¹ Marine Megafauna Foundation, Truckee, CA, USA.
¹¹² BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Vairao, Portugal.
¹¹³ School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁴ CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
¹¹⁵ School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
¹¹⁶ British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge Cambridgeshire, UK.
¹¹⁷ Thünen Institute of Sea Fisheries, Bremerhaven, Germany.
¹¹⁸ Bimini Biological Field Station Foundation, Bimini, The Bahamas.
¹¹⁹ IUCN SSC Shark Specialist Group, Gland, Vaud, Switzerland.
¹²⁰ Aquarium-Muséum Universitaire de Liège, University of Liège, Liège, Wallonia, Belgium.
¹²¹ Coastal Science and Policy Program, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
¹²² Thresher Shark Project Indonesia, Alor Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.
¹²³ Upwell, Monterey, CA, USA.
¹²⁴ Guy Harvey Research Institute, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA.
¹²⁵ Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
¹²⁶ Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, New Bedford, MA, USA.
¹²⁷ Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
¹²⁸ Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, UK.
¹²⁹ David Suzuki Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
¹³⁰ Marine Mammal Institute, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA.
¹³¹ Marine Futures Lab, School of Biological Science, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
¹³² School of Science, Technology and Engineering, The University of the Sunshine Coast, Hervey Bay, QLD, Australia.
¹³³ Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil.
¹³⁴ Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
¹³⁵ Fisheries Science, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA, USA.
¹³⁶ University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA.

PMID: 35984887
PMCID: PMC9390984
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1754

Abstract

Knowledge of the three-dimensional movement patterns of elasmobranchs is vital to understand their ecological roles and exposure to anthropogenic pressures. To date, comparative studies among species at global scales have mostly focused on horizontal movements. Our study addresses the knowledge gap of vertical movements by compiling the first global synthesis of vertical habitat use by elasmobranchs from data obtained by deployment of 989 biotelemetry tags on 38 elasmobranch species. Elasmobranchs displayed high intra- and interspecific variability in vertical movement patterns. Substantial vertical overlap was observed for many epipelagic elasmobranchs, indicating an increased likelihood to display spatial overlap, biologically interact, and share similar risk to anthropogenic threats that vary on a vertical gradient. We highlight the critical next steps toward incorporating vertical movement into global management and monitoring strategies for elasmobranchs, emphasizing the need to address geographic and taxonomic biases in deployments and to concurrently consider both horizontal and vertical movements.

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Figures

**Fig. 1.. Deployment and pop-up and/or recapture locations of tracked elasmobranchs.**
Yellow triangles indicate deployment and red circles indicate pop-up and/or recapture of the 989 elasmobranchs included within the analysis for this study. Numbers refer to the ocean biogeographic realms as defined by Costello *et al*. (22) (see table S3). Pop-up locations were not available for 144 tags.

**Fig. 2.. Comparison of epipelagic water occupation by each tagged elasmobranch species.**
Mean percentage of time at liberty spent by tagged elasmobranchs within the (A) top 5, (B) top 50, (C) top 100, and (D) top 250 m of the water column. Error bars represent ±1 SD and are truncated at 0 and 100%. Exact values can be extracted from table S4, along with the mean percentage of time spent in the top 10 m. Species are sorted from top to bottom by lowest to highest use of the top 250 m to ease interpretability. Cuban dogfish and Arctic skate spent all their time deeper than 250 m.

**Fig. 3.. Vertical distributions and diel behavior of 15 elasmobranch species.**
The hourly median depth distributions of 15 elasmobranch species determined from hourly median depths from each satellite-tagged individual within each species. Only species with >1000 days of depth time-series data were incorporated into this figure (fig. S3 shows a corresponding figure with all available species). Violin plots represent the full distribution of the data, with colors relating to family. Boxplots depict the lower quartile, upper quartile (and thus the interquartile range), and median within the data, with whiskers extending from the shallowest to the deepest depth observed within each species. Whiskers are capped to 1200 m to improve visual interpretation, with the maximum depths of species that exceed this threshold stated at the bottom of the whisker. Bars represent the estimated detection zones of aerial surveys (top 5 m; drone icon), scuba-diving surveys (top 50 m; diver icon), and longline fishing (top 250 m; fish and hook icon) used within this study. Pie charts represent the proportion of individuals within each species that primarily exhibited nDVM, rDVM, or no clear evidence of DVM (neutral) as determined by nonparametric Wilcoxon signed-rank tests applied to time-series data. Species are ordered by habitat type, moving from oceanic to transient to coastal species from left to right.

**Fig. 4.. Vertical habitat overlap between elasmobranch species.**
Matrix of vertical habitat overlap (Bhattacharyya coefficient) among species, where zero indicates no overlap between depth distributions and one indicates identical depth distributions. Calculations were based on time-series depth data binned at 10-m intervals for each individual and averaged across a species. Only species with five or more individual depth time-series datasets were incorporated into this analysis (n = 26).

**Fig. 5.. Clustered depth distributions of elasmobranchs.**
Depth distributions for 26 elasmobranch species with time-series data binned at 10-m intervals. Note that the plot has been limited to the top 150 m to ease interpretation but extends to 1850 m (see fig. S4 for the full plot). Italicized lettering next to each species name indicates the habitat type of each species (c = coastal, t = transient, and o = oceanic). The dendrogram and clusters on the right side of the figure resulted from hierarchical cluster analysis performed on dissimilarity of the Bhattacharyya coefficient. Numbered clusters represent species grouped according to similarity in vertical habitat use.

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Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology

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Diving into the vertical dimension of elasmobranch movement ecology

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