Assessing effectiveness of endoscope-assisted medial orbital wall fracture repair vs. no surgery using benefit-risk metrics and literature review

Abstract

Purposes: To evaluate clinical usefulness of endoscope-assisted medial orbital wall fracture repair via the retrocaruncular approach (rc-EAMOWFR) vs. no surgery (NS), and to perform a narrative review of relevant literature.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study enrolling isolated medial orbital wall fracture (IMOWF) eyes presented to two German level 1 trauma centers during a 7-year interval. The predictor variable was treatment type (rc-EAMOWFR vs. NS), and the main outcomes were late enophthalmos (LE) and retrobulbar hemorrhage (RH) assessed at 9-15 posttraumatic months. Descriptive and bivariate statistics were computed at α = 95%. Binary adjustments enabled calculation of number needed to treat (NNT), to harm (NNH), and likelihood to be helped or harmed (LHH) for demonstrating benefit-risk tradeoffs. Moreover, a narrative review was also performed.

Results: The sample comprised 502 patients (28.3% females; mean age, 46.5±19.2 years) with 541 IMOWF eyes (5.9% NS; 7.2% LE; 1.3% RH). Operated eyes had significantly lower LE events than NS eyes (symptomatic IMOWF: P < .0001; 95% confidence interval [CI], .03 to .16; NNT = 2 [95% CI, 1.1 to 6.1]; asymptomatic IMOWF: P < .0001; 95% CI, .01 to .07; NNT = 2 [95% CI, 1.1 to 1.8]). There were 7 (1.5%) RH events following rc-EAMOWFR (P = .99; 95% CI, .06 to 17.4; NNH = 68 [95% CI, 38.3 to 254.2]). LHH calculations posited that rc-EAMOWFR was 34 times more likely to prevent LE than to cause RH, regardless of fracture symptoms. Our results conformed to those of other 15 studies.

Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that all IMOWFs be treated. rc-EAMOWFR performed in every 68 IMOWFs would be at risk of one RH event, but prevent 34 eyes from LE due to untreated fractures. Nearly 72% of untreated IMOWFs develop LE after 9 months.

Keywords: Benefit-risk; Endoscope; Enopthalmos; Orbital fracture; Retrobulbar hemorrhage.