Women's Health Decline Following (Some) Unintended Births: A Prospective Study

Abstract

Background: As many as one-in-three unintended births occur in Africa. These births have the potential to adversely impact women's health, but data and design limitations have complicated efforts to understand their consequences. Moreover, there is growing evidence that women often feel happy about an unintended pregnancy and this heterogeneity may be important for identifying the births that are - and those that are not - harmful to women's health.

Objective: To assess whether having an unintended birth precipitates health declines for young women in a high-fertility, high-morbidity context, and whether women's emotional reaction to the pregnancy foreshadows the consequences of the resulting birth.

Methods: We use closely spaced panel data from 896 young women in Malawi that include prospective measures of fertility timing desires captured only months before conception and a contemporaneous measure of emotional reaction to the pregnancy. We run lagged dependent variable regression models of self-rated health that account for health and sociodemographic conditions prior to pregnancy and compare women with unintended births to women with intended births and to an alternative comparison group: women who avoid an unintended birth. We then disaggregate unintended births by women's emotional reaction after learning of the pregnancy.

Results: Women who had an unintended birth but initially had a positive reaction to the pregnancy did not experience a decline in health after birth. Women who had a more negative reaction, however, experienced marked reductions in self-rated health, even years after the birth.

Contribution: Our findings highlight meaningful heterogeneity in the consequences of unintended fertility for women's health and offer insights into the unintended births that put women at greatest risk of health decline.

Keywords: Malawi; fertility; panel study; unintended births; women’s health.

Figure 1:

Timeline of Tsogolo la Thanzi and data points used in analysis, 2009–2015 Note: In total, TLT consisted of nine waves of data collection. The first eight waves took place between 2009 and 2011 and were spaced four months apart. The final wave occurred in 2015 after a 3.5-year inter-survey period.

Figure 2:

Percent of women in fair or poor self-rated health by subgroup over time, 2009–2015 Note: “Pre-pregnancy” data for women in the no birth as intended group came from a randomly assigned wave between 2009–2011. “After birth” refers to the 2015 TLT survey wave for all respondents.

Figure 3:

Percent of women in fair or poor self-rated health over time disaggregated by emotional reaction to unintended pregnancy, 2009–2015 Note: “Pre-pregnancy” data for women in the no birth as intended group came from a randomly assigned wave between 2009–2011. “After birth” refers to the 2015 TLT survey wave for all respondents.