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Review
. 2022 Aug 13:14:959-969.
doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S373186. eCollection 2022.

Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnoses: A Comparison of Countries with Different Income Levels

Marilia B Matos  1   2 , Tiago S Bara  1   2 , Mara L Cordeiro  1   2   3
Affiliations
Review

Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnoses: A Comparison of Countries with Different Income Levels

Marilia B Matos et al. Clin Epidemiol. .

Abstract

Purpose: This study aimed to assess whether high-income countries have a lower mean age at the time of diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) than low- and middle-income countries.

Method: We reviewed studies related to ASD diagnoses and the time of first concerns in low-, middle-, and high-income countries, published in PubMed, SciELO, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect. Thirty articles were included: 13 from low- and middle-income countries and 17 from high-income countries.

Results: The average delay between initial concerns and diagnosis was 32.33 months, with initial concerns averaging 23.64 months and diagnosis at 55.97 months. No statistical differences were found between countries with low-, middle-, and high-income.

Conclusions: This review found a considerable delay in ASD diagnosis despite an early presence of recognized signs and symptoms. It highlights the urgent need for standardized tools for early ASD diagnosis.

Keywords: autism spectrum disorders; diagnosis; first signs; low-income countries.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Records identified through a database search.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of means according to the level of development of the countries in the studies.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Boxplots of the difference in period (prior to 2014) and differences by the level of development of the countries in the studies.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Proportion of early signs reported by study.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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